A Matter of Exposition: Examination and Education
Author(s):
Christiane Thompson (presenting / submitting) Sabrina Schröder (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

13 SES 05, Preparing to Teach, Examination and Education

Long Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-03
11:00-12:30
Room:
B229 Sala de Aulas
Chair:
Gonzalo Jover

Contribution

[There is a proposal outline of 2.500 w. that can replace the reading of the following.]

In this paper we deal with the pedagogical or educational relevance of exams and examination. Even though there has been a long tradition of viewing exam or examination as the subject’s practical relationship to truth (see e.g. the Stoics in the view of Foucault’s technologies of the self, Foucault 1993, 2004), as a matter of self-knowledge and self-awareness, there exists a considerable pedagogical distrust in the exam(ination)[1] today. Certainly this has to do with today’s ways and forms of testing: As has been pointed out frequently today’s testing culture is geared towards „learning on demand“, towards efficiency and outcome (Ruhloff 1997, Brinkmann 2009) rather than self-knowledge.

However, there have also been debates about the general organizational rules and practical structures of exams. Rather than provoking further thought, reflection, and openness exams can lead to a „dynamic of constriction“ (Ruhloff 2009). However, what exactly provokes the restrictions? Is there still room for self-knowledge and self-awareness in exams – in contrast to Ruhloff’s statement? Put differently: Is there an educational or pedagogical relevance o exams?

In our paper we will address these questions by systematically explicating four important and indispensable aspects of examination: We discuss the aspect of positional difference, of exposition, of identification and of representation. We will make use of a scene taken from an empirical research project to better substantiate these aspects, drawing mainly on figures from contemporary educational and philosophical discourse, such as Foucault, Bourdieu, and Derrida. Particularly, we are interested in how exams are realized as practical undertaking. Finally, we will discuss whether current changes of examination (“individualization”) can be said to enhance the pedagogical significance of exams.

[1] We use the term „exam“ for the institutionalized setting and the term „examination“ for the emphasis on practice and doing.

Method

In this paper we make frequently use of conceptual and systematic analysis. Our idea is to focus on central structural or systematic aspects of exams or examinations in order to arrive at the significance of „self-knowledge“ or „self-awareness“ as pedagogical relevant in exams. Our approach is bound to a „theory of practice“. This is to say that a fruitful analysis is attempted here by placing the attention on the procedures and doings rather than on the intentions and ideas that the participating subjects have about exams or examination (e.g. Schatzki). Correspondingly, we ask: How are exams practically performed and arranged? How do they constitute a social figuration? How is self-knowledge formed in these contexts? Certainly we will draw on selected philosophical authors whose work will furnish us with insights into the practice of exam(ination). However, we will also make use of empirical material that can substantiate our systematic analysis.

Expected Outcomes

Our main interest is to determine the significance of „self-knowledge“ and „self-awareness“ concerning exams and examination. However, we are generally interested in the practical theoretical perspective on examination and the knowledge it provides when analyzing pedagogical situations. Last but not least we will reflect on most recent forms of examination (i.e. individualized forms). Do they provide a stronger basis for reflective self-knowledge or Bildung?

References

Brinkmann, M. (2009): Fit für PISA? – Bildungsstandards und performative Effekte im Testregime. Vorschläge zur theoretischen und pädagogischen Differenzierung von Bildungsforschung und Aufgabenkultur. In: Bilstein, Johannes; Ecarius, Jutta (Hrsg.): Standardisierung – Kanonisierung. Erziehungswissenschaftliche Reflexionen. Schriftenreihe der Kommission Allgemeine Erziehungswissenschaft der DGFE. VS. Wiesbaden, 97-116. Bohl, T. (2004): Prüfen und Bewerten im offenen Unterricht. Weinheim: Juventa. Bourdieu, P. (1992) Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, P. (1993) Sozialer Sinn. Kritik der theoretischen Vernunft. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Derrida, J. (2002) Unabhängigkeitserklärungen, in U. Wirth (Ed.), Performanz. Zwischen Sprachphilosophie und Kulturwissenschaften. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 121-128. Foucault, M. (1978): Überwachen und Strafen. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Foucault, M. (1993) Technologien des Selbst, in: H. Martin, H. Gutman, P.H. Hutton (eds.), Technologien des Selbst. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer. Foucault, M. (2004) Hermeneutik des Subjekts. Vorlesung am Collège de France (1981/2). Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Kalthoff, H. (1996) ‘Das Zensurenpanoptikum. Eine ethnographische Studie zur schulischen Bewertungspraxis‘, Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 25, H.3: 106-124. Locke, J. (1986) Gedanken über Erziehung. Stuttgart: Reclam. Meyer-Drawe, K. (1990) Illusionen von Autonomie. Diesseits von Ohmmacht und Allmacht des Ich. München: Kirchheim. Ruhloff, J. (1997) Bildung heute. In: Pädagogische Korrespondenz. Zeitschrift für kritische Zeitdiagnostik in Pädagogik und Gesellschaft, Heft 21, S. 23-31. Ruhloff, J. (2009) Die Tradition humanistischer Bildung seit der Renaissance und die gegenwärtige Neudefinition von „Bildung“. In: Lessing, Hans-Ulrich/ Steenblock, Volker (Hrsg.) (2010): „Was den Menschen eigentlich zum Menschen macht…“. Klassische Texte einer Philosophie der Bildung. Freiburg im Breisgau. Karl Alber, 183-202. Salzmann, Ch. (1967): Studien zu einer Theorie des Prüfens und Erprobens im Raum der Erziehung. (=Beiträge zur Erziehungswissenschaft). Ratingen. Aloys Henn Verlag. Schäfer, A./ Thompson, C. (2009, Eds.) Autorität. Paderborn: Schöningh. Sophokles (1979): Ödipus. Stuttgart: Reclam. Thompson, Ch. (2014): ‚Taking risks'. Zum Verhältnis von Autorisierung und Prüfung. In: Dies./ Jergus, Kerstin/ Breidenstein, Georg (Hrsg.): Interferenzen. Perspektiven kulturwissenschaftlicher Bildungsforschung (i. E.). Weilerswist. Velbrück. Weinert, F. (1999): Konzepte der Kompetenz. Paris: OECD. Wimmer, M. (2009) Zwischen Zwang und Freiheit: Der leere Platz der Autorität, in A. Schäfer & C. Thompson (Eds.) Autorität. Paderborn: Schöningh, 85-120. Wimmer, M., Liesner, A. (2003) Der Umgang mit Ungewißheit. Denken und Handeln unter Kontingenzbedingungen, in W. Helsper, R Hörster & J. Kade (Eds.) Ungewissheit. Pädagogische Felder im Modernisierungsprozess. Weilerswist: Velbrück, 23- 51. Wulf, Ch. (2005): Zur Genese des Sozialen. Mimesis – Performativität – Ritual. Bielefeld: transcript.

Author Information

Christiane Thompson (presenting / submitting)
University of Frankfurt
Department of Education
Frankfurt am Main
Sabrina Schröder (presenting)
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Halle (Saale)

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