Freedom of every day interactions: Youth and Democratic Culture in Hungary
Author(s):
Gyöngyvér Pataki (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

20 SES 02, Freedom of Every Day Interactions: Youth and Democratic Culture in Hungary

Time:
2015-09-08
15:15-16:45
Room:
665.Oktatóterem [C]
Chair:
Christian Quvang

Contribution

Several recent studies on youth culture have demonstrated the way an antidemocratic political culture may emerge in a late modern democratic setting(Verena 1995; Holmes 2000; Feischmidt – Glózer – Illyés – Kasznár – Zakariás 2014). Within recent discussion about political socialization there appears to be a tendency to analyze the fast expansion of non-democratic activity patterns in stable democracies (Minkenberg 2000). Some would argue, it is in part indicative of the major reorganization of cultural and social dimensions after the implementation of the neo-liberal reform initiatives (Ferge 2002; Halmai – Kalb2011;). In this sense the paper aims to contribute to the critical analysis of modernization by evaluating the democratic quality of a society from the perspective of the freedom of the everyday interactions which reproduce the everyday interpretation of the world (Habermas 1996). The core part of this reflection is to expand sociological imagination to think beyond democratic institutions and follow the process of institutionalization in the micro milieu of communities (Meyer 2003;Pye 2003;Rohrschneider 2003; Schwartz 2003)

While many rely on macro perspectives in their account of how higher educational institutions impact political behaviour in post-socialist countries, social scientists have rarely looked at how the seemingly irrelevant micro processes of the evolution of democratic culture adds up to significant outcomes. To see more clearly in respect of democratic processes in youth cultures it is illuminating to reveal how the changing forms of connectivity and privacy contribute to civic education. Specifically, the paper addresses the institutionalization process of democratic communities in a higher educational institutional setting.

In an attempt to understand whether apathy, love of comfort or inactivity lies behind one of the lowest participation rate of young adults in Europe(ESS 2010), the Campus-life project (http://campuslet.unideb.hu) aimed to identify factors of civic education that structure and organize Hungarian students’ activity patterns beyond the formal agents of civic socialization. It raises the question whether young adults consider themselves to be part of the nation state and under what circumstances they are able and ready to contribute to it.

After the political transition in a country with definite collectivist priorities there was an elementary need to redefine private and public boundaries and rebuild existing models of civic and political socialization. Therefore, political and civic behaviour is considered in this paper to be action in this ever-changing strategic field which involves civic and political engagement, but also participation in communities. Parallel to the “rise of privacy”, the forms of connectivity and the notion of communities has also altered. As classical communities has turned to be communicative communities (Weintraub –Kumar 1997;Bauman 2000, Delanty 2003; Halft –Krah 2012), the level and way of commitment to institutions has changed and different identification strategies and institutionalization processes have emerged.

 

Method

In order to explore the process of institutionalization within student communities a mixed method with the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. First, students’ value preferences, institutional commitment and activity structure was analyzed by means of regional and national databases. The low participation rate in formal and informal institutions, the discrepancy between the value system vs. life-style indicators and the strong reflection on the individual carrier strategies encouraged us to enrich our quantitative data by qualitative methods. A new category – the category of the perception of the private and the public –, was introduced to deeper our understanding on students’ high institutional conformity and low institutional commitment. In order to explore the public views, needs and forms of participation of students at University of Debrecen the combination of three different qualitative methods was proposed: 1.) 38 group interviews; 2.) 9 semi-structured interviews 3.) 15 Narrative interviews. The interviews were carried out in 2012. To guide students to the verbal visual communication level where they can comfortably utter their public notions projective methods (story cubes, cognitive mapping and cards) were used as “story triggers”. Narrative stimulating story cubes revealed the representation of the surrounding public environment, the cards helped to detect the categorization of public issues, cognitive mapping informed us about attitudes towards public spaces and finally narrative interviews uncovered the way the public –private distinction integrated into personal life stories. The private rooms of two residential hall at the University of Debrecen, as institutional private spaces, offered an ideal opportunity to ask students about their attitudes to public institutions. Residential halls, therefore, made it possible to investigate the evolution of the civic and democratic communities. The underlying assumptions guided me to choose these contrasting institutions were the following: a.) their community initiatives; b.) their intention to be hotel or home; c.) their notion on the satisfactory level of surveillance. The analytical aspects introduced in the study were the following. First I analyzed how public views and values translated into forms of active participation and then I looked at the way these activities are discursively and institutionally embedded and shape the institutional settings of their surroundings.

Expected Outcomes

Data show that the argument that this generation suffers from political apathy, and does not have the necessary ability nor the power to form existing political systems appears to be a deceptive simplification. The results of the quantitative study declared that the peculiar evolutionary development of youth culture has led to a paradoxical situation in which institutional dependency and cultural independency coexist. In the light of the interviews the reason for students’ low involvement but also the low institutional influence on political socialization seems to lie in the fact that students do not tend to identify themselves with institutions and even stay away from processes of institutionalization (Rosen 2001). Rather, they wish to take advantage of the discrepancies in the different levels of the system. This argument is further underpinned by the fact that there is an essential frustration and disappointment with elites and forms of democratic culture as a corollary of the structural deficits of new capitalism. The argument advanced in this paper is in accordance with Utasi’s findings that point to the process of the individualization of private communities rather than the development of public or semi-public communities. This process may be characterized by the fact that, under the circumstances of increasing institutional dependency and control, individuals paradoxically avoid integrating into macro groups and advocate for career opportunities. The public sphere and spaces are understood through the lens of the private. The private/public distinction gains a specific action theoretical perspective. This new form of generational orientation leads to new forms of civic and political involvement including high level reflection, communication and orientation. All of these forms of post conventional actions shape political and social institutions from an external perspective.

References

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Author Information

Gyöngyvér Pataki (presenting / submitting)
University of Debrecen
Insitute of Educational Sciences
Bocskaikert

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