Visualised Career Aspirations. Potentials Of Photography In Secondary School Career Choice Courses (Vibes)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

06 SES 05 A, Self and Other and the Internet

Paper Session

Time:
2015-09-09
11:00-12:30
Room:
104.Oktatóterem [C]
Chair:
Yvonne Fritze

Contribution

"What did you want to become in the past, and what do you want to become now?" Along this central task pupils of eleven secondary classes presented their career aspirations with the help of photos, and explained them in oral presentations. This is the core activity of the project "Visualized vocational aspirations: Potentials of photography for career counselling and vocational preparation (VIBES)" initiated at the Zurich University of Teacher Education (PH Zürich). Insuring themselves of their previous career choices with photos, enables young people and teachers to document the transition from school to vocational education, and from everyday life to school, thus developing a reflected entry point to career choice courses in school.

This contribution presents the project "VIBES" in the context of Swiss secondary school career choice courses. It will unfold quantitative results in the fields of acceptance and impact of the pedagogical model, both in the perspective of pupils and teachers. Qualitative results will be presented by analysing narrative and visual strategies employed by the pupils.

The transition from modernity to current forms of post modernity marks an important shift in career choices of young people. Beck’s theory of individualisation and pluralisation, and his notion of the risk society (1986) describe this de-traditionalisation along with a pluralistic multi-optionalism. For young people at the transition from obligatory school to vocational settings, this means not only to be able to choose from a huge variety of options, but it also means to be forced to take that risky decision for one career or job. In addition Peavy (1998, p. 58) explains that nowadays it is up to career counselling to foster young people in these uncontrollable circumstances, and help them to navigate and to orient themselves within the market of choices. The cooperation between young people, parents, school, career counselling and industry has a central position as they pose aids in decision-making and realisation (Egloff & Jungo, 2009).

One important basis of decision-making and of the process of career counselling is the reflection of ones own career and educational biography. As a pedagogical bridge the project introduced the verbalisation and visualisation of young people`s career aspirations in order to initiate reflection upon their career and educational biography. The basic assumption was that especially at-risk learners (Rummler, 2012) who come from difficult socio-economic backgrounds, who have migration backgrounds, or who are verbally less capable would benefit from a visual approach of presenting career aspirations. It was assumed that those pupils would rather appreciate means of communication that allow for visual storytelling (Holzwarth, 2008).

The approach of storytelling is made with reference to Savickas (2011), McMahon & Patton (2006, p. 9) who used narrative stories in career counselling settings in order to involve clients better into the process of counselling, and in order to seriously relate to their individual biography. Cochran (1997) further elaborated this by introducing the "vocational card sort" (ebd. p. 43ff). In Switzerland the notion of sorting cards along with related issues, tasks, concepts is realised through the visual element of photos. Similar to the concept of photo-elicitation (2002, p. 13) clients are presented with photos from typical job situations as stimuli in order to trigger storytelling processes in career counselling settings (see Jungo, 2011).

Method

The project consisted of a constructive and an evaluative part, i.e. a research and a developmental part. The aim of the constructive part is to formulate a pedagogical model for career counselling courses in schools where visual storytelling and an oral presentation of career biographies initiate a longer reflective process. At the end of the project a series of hand-out material for teachers will be developed. The evaluative or empirical research part focuses the work in schools with quantitative and qualitative methods. The overall research process with the eleven participating secondary school classes from 3 different cantons was established on a design-based research approach (Wang & Hannafin, 2005). Thus teachers where involved in the development of the pedagogical model in advance and where interviewed iteratively between the two cycles of interventions in schools (1. pre-test, 2. main test, 3. development of the final model). Alternative pedagogical elements of the model suggested by the teachers were recorded and will be acknowledged in the 3rd cycle. The research process focussed 3 different perspectives: (a) The pupils’ presentations as empirical material: The presentations of career aspirations and follow-up discussions by the pupils were recorded on video. Leading questions besides the analysis of the impact of the pedagogical model were: What are strategies of visualising career aspirations? In which narrative structures are they presented and legitimated? Where do career aspirations come from and how do they relate to the pupils? Do the narrations reveal any developmental progression, etc? (b) Evaluation of the pupils’ perspective: A quantitative online survey was handed out to 412 participating pupils (resulting N=384 survey questionnaires). The survey focussed socio-demographic data, like gender and migration background, as well as a series of questions about the impact of the pedagogical model, and on the overall project in open and closed question items. (c) Evaluation of the teachers’ perspective: In order to systematically involve the teachers into the research process focus group interviews were held at different stages. Aims of these interviews were to report results from the online survey back to the teachers, discussing further potentials of how to start reflection processes in the career counselling classes, and a detailed evaluation of the overall project in the perspective of the teachers. Leading questions were: To what extend do teachers share the pupils’ perspective on the project, and how or where the pedagogical model needs adjustments.

Expected Outcomes

The results presented in this contribution focus two separate levels: (1) The impact and the acceptance of the pedagogical model developed in the course of the project. The perspective of the pupils will be drawn from the online survey. Generally, the results show that pupils from lower-level classes (ISCED 2 B to C) and pupils with migration backgrounds gained more profit from the project. In contrast to that teachers found it more challenging to tutor those pupils during the process. Pupils from higher-level classes (ISCED 2 A) made slightly longer presentations with some more slides each. There is a tendency that they believe to have more concrete visions of their career aspirations with slightly more concrete legitimations. The other presented focus will concentrate on strategies of narration and visualisation (2): The on-going analysis of the pupils’ presentations revealed four different strategies of narration, i.e. strategies of how career aspirations are legitimated: *Additive strategies, *exclusive strategies, *developmental strategies and *reflective strategies. The strategies of visualising career aspirations distinguish between visual elements taken from the Internet and self-made pictures that were composed into presentations. Self-made pictures may range from photos of buildings where a certain job takes place (e.g. police station), to a photo of real representants within their jobs (e.g. photos of policemen), over staging oneself in an as-if setting in a certain job action up to complex photo stories (e.g. police woman as selfie in front of a mirror with gun in hand). Other visual strategies include staging scenes with toy figurines or representing jobs on abstract figurative levels. Generally teachers reported that they were pleased to see that pupils physically engaged themselves with their career aspirations by visiting or staging job sites at the beginning of the career counselling courses.

References

Beck, U. (1986). Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp. Cochran, L. (1997). Career Counseling: A Narrative Approach. Sage. Egloff, E., & Jungo, D. (2009). Kooperationsmodell Berufswahlvorbereitung. In Berufswahltagebuch Kommentar für Lehrpersonen. Bern: Schulverlag plus. Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies, 17(1), 13–26. doi:10.1080/14725860220137345 Holzwarth, P. (2008). Migration, Medien und Schule Fotografie und Video als Zugang zu Lebenswelten von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund. (H. Niesyto, Ed.) (1. ed., Vol. 3). München: KoPäd Verlag. Jungo, D. (2011). Berufsfotos sortieren mit den Berufsfotos von H. Gubler und A. Gerosa. Bern: SDBB Verlag. McMahon, M., & Patton, W. (2006). The Systems Theory Framework. A Conceptual and Practical Map for Career Counselling. In Career Counselling: Constructivist Approaches (pp. 94–109). London ; New York: Routledge. Peavy, R. V. (1998). SocioDynamic Counselling: A Constructivist Perspective. Victoria: Trafford Publishing. Rummler, K. (2012). Medienbildungschancen von Risikolernern. Eine Analyse der Nutzung mobiler und vernetzter Technologien durch männliche jugendliche Risikolerner und die in den Nutzungsmustern angelegten Chancen für Medienbildung. Kassel: Universität Kassel. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2012120642264 Savickas, M. L. (2011). Career Counseling. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association (APA). Wang, F., & Hannafin, M. J. (2005). Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 5–23. doi:10.1007/BF02504682

Author Information

Klaus Rummler (presenting / submitting)
Zurich University of Teacher Education (PH Zürich)
Research & Development
Zürich
Zurich University of Teacher Education (PH Zürich), Switzerland
Zurich University of Teacher Education (PH Zürich), Switzerland
Zurich University of Teacher Education (PH Zürich), Switzerland
Zurich University of Teacher Education (PH Zürich), Switzerland

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