The prospering and taming of ghosts’ - Leading education in times of change
Author(s):
Dorethe Bjergkilde (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

ERG SES G 12, Studies in Education

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-23
09:00-10:30
Room:
OB-H2.20
Chair:
Lejf Moos

Contribution

The paper explores the public schools organizational life in times of change, where the reform permeates and alters the very core of the school. Enhanced ubiquitous leadership, new ways of organizing the teachers practice, new ways of cooperating, new ways of performing as a professional teacher etc. are the agenda in Danish public schools today. The paper elaborates on, how the ubiquitous leadership frames the discursive, material and affective aspects in the school, and how there is given rise to a new professionalized culture and subject positions, which at the same time excludes other absent and submerged voices.

The paper draws on Derrida’s concept hauntology understood as an ‘absent present’ (Derrida 1994). It draws attention to that every concept is haunted by its mutually constituted excluded other (Barad 2010), and in an awareness of the ‘absent’, the present in the school can be rendered meaningful (Vass 2015). The absent can be understood as past or future submerged voices. The concept hauntology offers an analytic understanding of the temporal dimension in the process, of what was and is yet to come. The school reform can be seen as a transformation process, which implies a constant orientation towards past and future practices, and collapse a lineary orientation of time and space. The transformation process is a transition between old and new practices, where usual practice is disrupted, and it gives rise to an increased affective atmosphere, which feeds frustrated and submerged voices and ghosts. Therefore the paper also draws on the concept affect in order to understand, how different bodies and voices in the school are affectively targeted and modulated, how they affect the social life in the school, how they give rise to/submerge absent voices and ghosts. (Bjerg and Staunæs 2011; Massumi 2002; Blackman 2012).

According to Derrida a ghost is always a revenant (Derrida 1994), so the more absent and submerged the voices of the ghost becomes, the more it haunts and disturb; it feeds the ghost. Hauntology makes it possible to explore what voices in my empirical material are submerged but still haunt, what voices are dominant, and how do they become a co-constitutive affective force in the social life and space in the school.

Method

The paper is building on empirical material consisting of observations, informal ethnographic interviews and 13 semi-structured qualitative interviews with principal, managers, and teachers. The qualitative methodology applied focuses on enhancing discursive and affective matters. The affective methodology helps unfolding the ways in which the ubiquitous affective leadership takes place, the ways in which the affective intensity of ambivalence, frustration, excitement etc. among teachers appears, how it procedures legitimate and illegitimate subjectpositions, which voices are rendered submerged and specter like ghosts, and which voices are apparently leading and dominant. The methodology opens up the complexity of the transformation process in order to shed light on, how the process of change is a bumpy road far from linear, but rather consist of an entanglement (Barad 2007) of past and present practices, of ambivalent emotions etc., which become transformed in new ways and dissolve the orientation of time and space. In order to gain access to the ‘absent present’ in my empirical material, the methodological concept ‘embodied hauntology’ inspired by Lisa Blackman has been brought into practice, which implicates my methodological sensitivity within the research process towards submerged voices and agencies that register affectively (Blackman 2015). It implies my ability as a researcher to listen to absent voices and silences during my ethnographic fieldwork, and it can be understood as affective attuning. Affective attuning can be framed as potential windows into manifestation of social haunting, and it can stage often eluded voices. (Trivelli 2015)

Expected Outcomes

The outcome of the paper shows an increased affective intensity of excitement and enthusiasm as well as tension and uncertainty in the school during the transformation process, regarding what was or what is yet to come. Leaders and teachers are living in the transit of old and new practices. The uncertainty and demand for change during the transformation process add to the pressure and frustration among the teachers, which causes the submerged voices and ghosts to pop up in unforeseen ways. In fact added pressure during the change seems to cause the absent voices, the ghosts, to prosper. E.g. the empirical material is revealing submerged voices that are hanging on to old past practices instead of the intended new practices. Other submerged voices are revealing worries and frustration about the future, their jobs and the students wellbeing. It becomes obvious that certain voices and subjectpositions are not seen upon as apparently available, but must be silenced, hidden away and is not suitable for daylight. The paper concludes that the increased affective intensity of excitement and enthusiasm regarding the transformation process walks hand in hand with their excluded other, the frustrations about the future and the yearnings for old familiar ways. The absent voices are lurking under the surface and the silence becomes almost noisy (Galal 2015). The process of change therefore seems to require an ubiquitous present leadership, who affectively attune to the school’s atmospheres and moods, in order to balance the affective economy among the teachers and to tame the ghosts’, which specter and disturb during the school leaders attempt to ensure desired progress.

References

• Barad, K. (2007). Meeting the Universe Halfway. Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning. Durham: Duke University Press. • Barad, K. (2010). Quantum Entanglements and Hauntological Relations of Inheritance Dis/continuities, SpaceTime Enfoldings, and Justice-to-Come. Derrida Today, 3(2), 240-268. • Bjerg, H. & Staunæs, D. 2011: Appreciative Leadership and shame. Bringing together Governmentality Studies and Affectice Turn.I Emphemera, theory and politics in organisations 11(2): 138 – 156. • Blackman, L. (2012). Immaterial Bodies. Affect, embodiment, mediation. London: Sage. • Blackman, L. (2015): Researching Affect and Embodied Hauntologies: Exploring an Analytics of Experimentation. In Affective Methodologies. Developing Cultural Research Strategies for the Study of Affect. Edited by Knudsen & Stage. Palgrave Macmillan. London. • Galal, L.P. 2015: Interculturality in Ethnographic Practice. Noisy Silences. In Researching Identity and Interculturality. Edited by Dervin and Risager. Routledge. New York. • Massumi, B. (2002). Parables for the virtual: Movement, affect, sensation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. • Trivelli, E. 2015: Exploring a ’Remembering Crisis’:’Affective Attuning’ and ’Assaemblaged Archive’ as Theoretical Frameworks and Research Methodologies. In Affective Methodologies. Developing Cultural Research Strategies for the Study of Affect. Edited by Knudsen & Stage. Palgrave Macmillan. London. • Vass, G. 2015: Derrida. The ’impossibility’ of deconstructing educational policy enactment. In M. Clarke, K. N. Gulson, & E. B. Petersen (Eds.), Education policy, research and theories of the present. London: Routledge.

Author Information

Dorethe Bjergkilde (presenting / submitting)
Aarhus University
Education
Copenhagen NV

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