Gleaning Knowledge on the Go: Informal Learning in online Citizen Science
Author(s):
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

06 SES 06, Informal Learning in Different Environments

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-24
15:30-17:00
Room:
NM-G109
Chair:
Yngve Troye Nordkvelle

Contribution

Citizen science is a collaborative research practice where members of the public (non-professional scientists) collaborate with professional scientists to conduct scientific research (Wiggins & Crwoston, 2011). Citizen cyberscience is a form of research collaboration that engages volunteers in contributing online to empirical scientific projects. Millions of volunteers participate around the world, but little is known about the learning outcomes and learning processes stimulated by citizen cyberscience projects. While the contribution of volunteers to scientific data collection and analysis has been well documented, there is still limited research on participation in citizen science projects and how it may support learning. However, this topic is of increasing importance, as European public policies take a closer look at the potential of citizen science for scientific education and social innovation in technological democracies.

This paper will report our findings from the Citizen Cyberlab (CCL) European research project. CCL is a collaboration between 7 European research institutions (CERN, Geneva; UNO, Geneva; University of Geneva; UPD, Paris; UCL, London; Imperial College, London; TMC, London), which has been running in the last three years. Overall, the CCL research project aims to produce a new understanding of learning behaviours and creative outputs, anchored in real-world examples of citizen cyberscience. In this paper, we focus specifically on learning outcomes and learning processes. Until now, citizen science research on learning addressed narrow and well-defined topics, e.g. attitudes towards science or learning gains in specific topic-related knowledge. We progress beyond the state-of the-art by addressing several interesting new questions, firstly by evaluating and studying the experience of CCL pilot project volunteers, secondly by looking at participants’ perceived experiences in the larger online Citizen Science community.

This research has implications for lifelong Science Education and learning within an Open Science framework.

Method

Another innovation from our work is that we cross a number of different research methods. We have used a (mostly concurrent) mixed methods approach in our work: in particular interviews, surveys, and user analytics. Our teams worked together with the CERN, UCL, UNO and UPD teams to collect evaluation data for each of the Citizen Cyberlab pilot projects. We collected and analyzed: - semi-directed individual interviews: around 100 individual interviews running from 20 minutes to 90 minutes have been run, transcribed and analyzed; - surveys: pre-post surveys on scientific content knowledge for the participants in four Citizen Science projects plus a general survey on self-reported learning in online citizen science (the ILICS survey, Informal Learning in Citizen Science, with 900 answers) - learning analytics for two of the pilot projects.

Expected Outcomes

In this paper we make several important research contributions. Firstly, we present a comprehensive approach for studying, evaluating and designing for learning in heterogeneous and diverse participatory environments. We distinguish between evaluating and studying learning outcomes, studying learning processes, and formulating design recommendations for learning. A second contribution presents evaluation results exploring learning effects and learning processes in the newly launched CCL pilot projects. This very diverse range of citizen cyberscience projects allow us to develop a new perspective on learning in cyber citizen science that goes beyond results presented in earlier much more focused studies. Results from both the pilot projects and a large scale survey reveal that learning takes many facets and we present a consolidated taxonomy of learning outcomes in citizen science. Participants in each project learn different things, in different depth and through different ways. We also show that engaged and social learners learn most. This is consistent with theories on workplace learning where we also find an interaction between affordances and opportunities provided by tasks and the environment, and personal dispositions. We also discuss self-directed and social learning in the context of Open Science.

References

Ackermann, E. (1996) Perspective-taking and object construction: Two keys to learning. In J. Kafai, & M. Resnick, (Eds.), Constructionism in Practice: Designing, Thinking, and learning in a Digital World. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, Publishers, pp. 25-37. Billett, S. (2001). "Learning through work: workplace affordances and individual engagement", Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 13 Iss 5 pp. 209 – 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005548 Brossard D, Lewenstein B, and Bonney R. (2005). Scientific knowledge and attitude change: the impact of a citizen science project. International Journal of Science Education 27: 1099–1121. Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning.Educational Researcher, 18 (1), 32-42. Crall, AW, Jordan, R, Holfelder, K, Newman GJ, Graham, J and Waller, D (2012). The impacts of an invasive species citizen science raining program on participant attitudes, behavior and science literacy. Public Understanding of Science, 0(0), 1-20. Cronje, R., Rohlinger, S., Crall, A., Newman, G. (2011) Does Participation in Citizen Science Improve Scientific Literacy? A Study to Compare Assessment Methods, Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 10:3, 135-145. Jordan R.C., Gray S.A., Howe D.V., Brooks, W.R., Ehrenfeld J.G. (2011). Knowledge Gain and Behavioral Change in Citizen-Science Programs. Conservation Biology 25, 6, 1148–1154. Lave, J. (1993), “The practice of learning”, in Chaiklin, S. and Lave, J. (Eds), Understanding Practice: Perspectives on Activity and Context, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-32. Price, C. A., & Lee, H. S. (2013). Changes in participants’ scientific attitudes and epistemological beliefs during an astronomical citizen science project. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 50 (7), 773–801. Shirk, J.L., Ballard, H., Wilderman, C.C., Phillips, T., Wiggins, A., Jordan, R., McCallie, E., Minarchek, M., Lewenstein, B.V., Krasny, M.E., Bonney, R. (2012). Public Participation in Scientific Research: A Framework for Deliberate Design. Ecology and Society, 17(2): 29. Trumbull, D.J., Bonney, R., Bascom K. & Cabrel A. (2000). Thinking scientifically during participation in a citizen-science project. Science Education, 84(2), 265–75.

Author Information

Laure Kloetzer (presenting / submitting)
University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
University of Geneva, Switzerland
University College London

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