The Expansion and Transformations of the Field of Symbolic Control Under Dominant Discourses of Governance and National Conditions.
Author(s):
Polychronis Sifakakis (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2017
Format:
Paper

Session Information

23 SES 09 D, New Forms of Governing in School Education

Paper Session

Time:
2017-08-24
13:30-15:00
Room:
K4.11
Chair:
Xavier Rambla

Contribution

The erosion of the field of Education by fields outside it, such as the political, the economy and the commercialised cultural field, has been questioned extensively by critical education policy studies (Simons et al., 2013; Ball & Youndell, 2008). In the Europeanised and globalised Education Policy Space, member-states are called to adopt and implement evidence-based modes of accountability and new forms of governing of educational institutions (Ozga, 2012; Ball & Junemann, 2012). Marketisation, managerialism and performativity have become the fundamental principles that prescribe the processes of governance of education, whereby the actions of institutions and professionals become ‘outputs’ that can be objectively measured (Ball, 2008, Sifakakis et al., 2016). In this context, New Public Management and Distributive Leadership theories are the forms of knowledge for education administration that are disseminated as valid in the field of symbolic control throughout the national educational systems in Europe and globally (Tsatsaroni et al., 2015; Hall et al., 2015; Gunter et al., 2013). Inscribed in these forms of knowledge are principles, models and knowledge-power relations that transform the relationship of school and education professionals with civil society and the state (Tsatsaroni et al., 2015).

Education policies and practices are shaped under the influence of globalised governance discourse, structures and procedures. Robertson & Dale (2013:431) “understand governance frameworks as comprised of combinations of: (i) distinct forms of education activity (funding, provision, ownership, regulation); (ii) particular kinds of entities or agents with different interests (state, for-profit/not-for-profit market, community, individual); and (iii) different platforms or scales of rule (sub-national, national, supranational)”. Furthermore, as Robertson (2011, 2012) argues, the state-education-citizen relation has been re-ordered and re-bordered and the division of labour of the agents located in the field of symbolic control has been changed as an implication of these discourses, structures and procedures.

The research and analysis of educational policy based on a single theory is impossible, due to the complexity of the issues involved and it is also necessary to connect the macro-level analysis of educational systems and educational policies with the micro-level of practice and policy enactment (Ball, 2008; Ball et al., 2012). Hence, in my research I combine the theory of governmentality and discourse, developed by Foucault (1988; Burchell et al., 1991), with Bernstein’s (2000, 2001) theory of symbolic control and Totally Pedagogised Society. This combination has helped me to develop sets of analytical tools to explore the principles through which the Europeanised governance discourse is recontextualised in the field of education administration and in the pedagogic discourse that is disseminated in this field, in Greece.

The paper draws on data from a completed research program focusing on the forms of knowledge and power that are inscribed in the training, selection and evaluation processes, implemented in the Greek education administration field in response to Europeanised and globalised discourses of governance. The research explores the politics of re-ordering and re-bordering, and describes changes in power and control relations in the field of symbolic control in Greece, under the influence of European Education Policies. For the education executives these processes are part of their everyday activity in the field of administration, where they negotiate, interprete, translate, accept, transform or reject the governance discourses, procedures and criteria. Furthermore, these processes of change have been taking place in conditions of economic and political crisis and austerity measures, Greek society has been confronted with during the last seven years. The European Education Policy Space is tested in Greece alongside “Troika’s” economic policies, so in this context the negotiation of governance discourse has different content and meanings.

Method

Using discourse analysis techniques grounded in Bernstein’s and Foucault’s theories I have developed a set of in-depth analysis tools to trace the forms of governance discourse (re)produced or contested in the field of education administration. My analysis distinguishes between privileged/hegemonic and marginalised/delegitimised discourses, describes their characteristics, and identifies the regulative principles inscribed in them. The empirical research was carried out in the period between 2012 and 2015, aiming to explore how the Heads of Education Directorates (HEDs) in Greece respond to the governance discourse, implemented in the Greek educational system. The data produced come from three sources: • The Bank of Test Items (“scenarios”) that were used during the selection of HEDs in 2010. • Semi-structured interviews with 19 out of 116 HEDs in total, appointed through selection procedures in 2010. • Questionnaires, addressed to the body of HEDs serving in the Greek education directorates until December 2015, and administered electronically. The basic question informing the construction of the research tools is the extent to which and the ways in which the principles of global and European discourses on education governance have been disseminated in the field of action of those professionals in Greece. The questions were formulated using an operational grid produced out of four axes. The four axes suggest questions about: the procedures for selecting HEDs; the in-service training program HEDs were submitted to; their perceptions of the role and content of their work; and their views and perspectives about schools. The arrangements concerning Quality Assurance and Evaluation, introduced and negotiated in Greece during this period, were the common denominator of the questions comprising the research schedule. The empirical data was analysed through the development of a language of description, following Bernstein’s theory of pedagogic discourse, read also through Foucault’s ideas of governmentality. This language helps me to describe the shifts taking place in the field of educational administration with reference to the forms of knowledge and power relations that are promoted, and thus to explore how they are affecting the subjectivities of professionals, acting in this area. In other words, the language of description helps me as researcher to identify reliable criteria for classifying practices and the discourses supporting them, in modes which are "consistent" with my theoretical framework and analytical language and "sensitive" to the conditions of the field of professional action which I have been studying (Bernstein, 2000; Moss, 2001).

Expected Outcomes

One of the key findings of this study refers to the Official Recontextualising Field, which controls the rules of distribution, recontextualisation and assessment of knowledge. As a consequence of the dominant discourse on governance, this field has been strengthened as well as extended by the intrusion of experts from other fields, such as the economy, the commercialised culture, the legal studies and the entire field of public administration. Such experts become the agents for the transmission of new forms of power-knowledge within the field of education administration, transforming the roles of educational professionals and altering their practices. The instrumental and performative models of New Public Management and the competitive character that is attributed to the evaluation forms which are adopted in the field of education blur the image of schools as institutions with particular needs and political-social importance. Educational executives are expected to operate as self-regulated individuals, in order to achieve pre-specified targets, defined by agencies external to the field of education and under the control of state authorities. However, these models of social action position the professionals in the field of education administration in a discursive space which is full of tensions and contradictions, created by discourses of quality and good governance.

References

Ball, S.J. (2008). The Education Debate. Bristol: The Polity Press. Ball S.J. & Junemann, C. (2012). Networks, New Governance and Education. Bristol: The Policy Press. Ball, S.J. & Youdell, D. (2008). Hidden Privatisation in Public Education, Education International. Ball, S.J., Maguire, M., & Braun, A. (2012). How schools do policy. Policy enactments in secondary schools. London: Routledge. Bernstein, B. (2000). Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity. Theory, research, critique (revised edition). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Bernstein, B. (2001). Symbolic control: Issues of empirical description of agencies and agents. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4(1): 21-33. Burchell, G., Gordon, C. & Miller, P. (Eds.) (1991). The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Foucault, M. (1988). Technologies of the Self. A Seminar with Michel Foucault. Edited by M.L. Gutman H & H.P. London: Tavistock Publications. Gunter, H., Hall, D., & Bragg, J. (2013). Distributed Leadership: A Study in Knowledge Production. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 41 (5), 555–580. Hall, D., Grimaldi, E., Gunter, H. Møller, J., Serpieri, R. & Skedsmo, G. (2015). Educational reform and modernisation in Europe: The role of national contexts in mediating the new public management. European Educational Research Journal, 14 (6), 487–507. Moss, G. (2001). Bernstein's languages of description: Some generative principles. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4 (1), 17-19. Ozga, J. (2012). Governing knowledge: data, inspection and education policy in Europe. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 10 (4), 439-455. Robertson, S.L. (2011). The new spatial politics of (re)bordering and (re)ordering the state-education-citizen relation. International Review of Education, 57: 277–97. Robertson, S.L. (2012). Placing Teachers in Global Governance Agendas. Comparative Education Review, 56 (4), 584-607. Robertson, S.L. & Dale, R. (2013). The social justice implications of privatisation in education governance frameworks: a relational account. Oxford Review of Education, 39 (4), 426-445. Simons, M., Lundahl, L. & Serpieri, R. (2013). The Governing of Education in Europe: commercial actors, partnerships and strategies. European Educational Research Journal, 12 (4), 416-424. Sifakakis, P., Tsatsaroni, A., Sarakinioti, A. & Kourou, M. (2016). Governance and knowledge transformations in educational administration: Greek responses to global policies. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 48 (1), 35-67. Tsatsaroni, A. Sifakakis, P. & Sarakinioti, A. (2015). Transformations in the field of symbolic control and their implications for the Greek educational administration. European Educational Research Journal, 14 (6), 508-530.

Author Information

Polychronis Sifakakis (presenting / submitting)
University of Peloponnese
Faculty of Social and Education Policy
Corinth

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