Sexting-Bullying In Social Networks In Adolescents And Youth
Author(s):
Conference:
ECER 2013
Format:
Poster

Session Information

05 SES 05.5 PS, General Poster Session

General Poster Session

Time:
2013-09-11
12:30-14:00
Room:
FUAYE
Chair:

Contribution

A few decades ago, adolescents wrote about their intimacy in their diary, which was their secret place. Nowadays, however, it has been replaced by the social networks (SN), on-line walls and biographies, where, in addition to displaying their images, they make intimate confessions that are publicly accessible on the web. It is obvious that a new opening has emerged to a horizon of knowledge and beneficial experiences through Internet, and that this will develop progressively in the future. However, the risks of these new technologies are a cause of much concern (Livingstone, 2008). Among the more dangerous risks is bullying or loss of intimacy, access to pornographic or violent content, the desire to stand out and display a false personality, the increase of narcissisism, cyberbullying, etc.  (Estévez, Bayón, De la Cruz, & Fernández-Liria, 2009). Some authors indicate (Mascheroni, Ponte, Garmendia, Garitaonandia, & Murru, 2010) that the risks are concentrated in two areas: those related to sexual behaviors and to aggressive behaviors, which have led to a new form of aggression called sexting-bullying. Adolescents who share their profile with their peers are sometimes imprudent about the content they hang on the web, the photos they publish and their textings Maganto, Peris, Echarte, & Ugalde (2013, in press). Adolescent girls expose themselves to and enter into contact with more risky online situations than boys (Stamoulis, 2009), and it has been shown that blog users who hang provocative photographs or sexual comments are at greater risk of receiving online sexual insinuations and bullying (Michell, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008), because they publish personal information and communicate with strangers, which involves a high risk. In their investigation, Kholos and Chirlders (2011) found that two thirds of the women send explicitly sexual texts or photos of themselves through mobile phones or e-mail, whereas only one half of the men do so. This practice can cause serious problems, ranging from the loss of privacy to victimization and humiliation, exposing oneself to the risk of suffering sexting-bullying or some other type of harassment, violence or offense in the SN (Garaigordobil, 2011).

Taking this review into account, the goals of the present investigation are: a) to analyze in adolescents the practice of sexting-bullying in the SN and to confirm differences as a function of gender; b) to investigate the reactions of the victims of the practice of sexting-bullying; and c) to confirm the relation between the personality variables of the bully and the psychological variables of the victim.

Method

A descriptive and correlational cross-sectional methodology was used. Participants were 406,241 adolescents (59.4%) and 165 youths (40.6%), of whom 214 were boys (52.7%) and 192 were girls (47.3%), randomly selected from schools in the Basque Autonomous Community (Spain). The following assessment instruments were used: Cuestionario de Imagen Virtual de las Redes Sociales (CIV-RS [Questionnaire of Virtual Image of Social Networks]; Maganto & Peris, 2011); Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI 16; Ames, Rose, & Anderson, 2006); Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985; Spanish adaptation of Ortet, Ibañez, Moro, & Silva, 1997); Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994). Questionnaires were administered in the schools, after requesting informed consent from the school, the parents, and the students. At all times, the deontological norms required in research with humans were followed.

Expected Outcomes

Results: Adolescents and youths publish sexy and erotic photos, 54.9% and 27.6%, respectively, 40% provocative photographs and 7.4% pornographic photos. In contrast to prior studies (Kholos & Chirlders, 2011), we found no sex differences in sexting. With regard to sexting-bullying, 21.6% use SN to bully, and the boys obtained higher scores that were statistically significant. Of the sample, 20.3% had suffered sexting-bullying, and 27.7% admitted having used erotic photos to ridicule others, with girls being the victims of sexting-bullying more frequently than boys. The correlational analyses indicate the positive associations between being a bully and practicing sexting, using the network with erotic aims, and having an avoidant attachment style. The correlations between being bullied and personality point in the same direction as Stamoulis (2009), and indicate a significant positive association between suffering sexting-bullying, exhibitionism and narcissisism, and negative correlations with sensation seeking. In accordance with results of Michell, Wolak, & Finkelhor (2008), the study shows that more frequent practice of sexting is associated with higher risk of suffering sexting-bullying. To conclude, the investigation shows the high frequency of sexting and of the practice of sexting-bullying in adolescents, especially in females.

References

Estévez, L., Bayon, C., De la Cruz, J. y Fernández-Liria (2009). Use and abuse of teenagers online. En, Echeburúa, E., Labrador, F. J. y Becoña, E. (Coordinadores), Addiction to new technologies in adolescents and young adults. (pp.101-130). Madrid: Pirámide. Garaigordobil, M. (2011). Prevalence and consequences of cyberbullying: A review. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 233-254. Kholos, D. y Childers, C. (2011). Let my fingers do the talking Sexting and infidelity in cyberspace. Sexuality and culture, 15, 217-239. Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and selfexpression. New Media and Society, 10, 393-411. Maganto, C., Peris, M., Echarte, M. y Ugalde, M. (En prensa). The body image of adolescents in social networks. Revista de Psiquiatría y Psicoterapia del Niño y del Adolescente. Mascheroni, G., Ponte, C., Garmendia, M., Garitaonandia, C. y Murru, M. (2010). Comparing media coverage of online risks for children in southern European countries: Italy, Portugal and Spain. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 6(1), 25-43. Mitchell, K. J., Wolak, J. y Finkelhor, D. (2008). Are blogs putting youth at risk for online sexual solicitation or harassment? Child Abuse and Neglect 32, 277-294. Stamoulis, K. (2009). An exploration into adolescent online risk-taking. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 4(1), 1-4.

Author Information

Carmen Maganto (presenting / submitting)
University of Basque Country, Spain
Faculty of Psychology. University of the Basque Country
San Sebastian
University of Basque Country, Spain

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