Tensions Concerning the Documentation Requirements – A Part of Teachers´ Mentoring Assignment in Upper Secondary School
Author(s):
Helena Wallström (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

ERG SES G14, Mentoring and Education

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-02
09:00-10:30
Room:
FPCEUP - 254
Chair:
Pedro Ferreira

Contribution

The overall purpose of the study is to give a practice-oriented perspective on the mentoring assignment, as part of teachers´ professional practice in upper secondary school in Sweden. The aim of this paper is to analyze how teachers transform and manage the mentoring assignment, and more precisely by focusing on the documentation requirements in the task. The questions are: How do the teachers do the documentation? What kind of documentation do they do? Why are they doing this documentation? With whom do they share the documented information? The objective is to reveal what kind of problems that appears, how they are resolved and how the teachers´ collaboration with other actors interconnect and intertwine.

Previously the instructions for teachers´ work as class superintendents were distinctly expressed and regulated in governmental policy. However, today the term class superintendent has almost disappeared in laws and policy documents. Instead the term has been replaced or synonymously used with the term mentor. It is now the principal’s responsibility to delegate instructions to the teachers. This means these policy documents provide local school organizations and teachers with opportunities to interpret and transform the mentoring assignment themselves. This has resulted in tensions and differences in the mentoring assignment and its´ document requirements (Skolverket, 2010).

There is a subsequent demand for documentation that can be understood as part of the educational restructuring in Europe (Goodson & Lindblad, 2010). The policies for upper secondary school state that teachers are expected to store information about for example the student´s school situation and time for contacts with the student and the student´s parents. In addition, Swedish authorities have also established a Government for School Inspections that receives notifications from students and parents. Consequently, the school management has become anxious about what teachers store information about in the mentoring work.

This paper is designed with regard to a dialectical activity theoretical approach (Engeström, 1987). The theory can be summarized with the following five principles (Engeström, 2001: 136; 2009:56): (i) The activity system is the prime unit of analysis, (ii) an activity system is multi-voiced, (iii) an activity system take shape and get transformed over lengthy periods of time and therefore it is necessary to study it historically, (iv) contradictions are historically accumulated structural tensions within and between activity systems and the driving force of change in activity, (v) activity systems move through long cycles of qualitative transformations. A point of departure is that the mentoring assignment is emerging through tensions and contradictions in the teachers´ work. The object of activity is a moving target and it is not reducible to short-term goals (Engeström, 2001: 136).

From a research perspective the mentoring assignment in upper secondary school in Sweden is generally unexplored. Previous research has a special educational perspective (Möllås 2009; Nordevall 2011). When dialogues between mentors and students are in focus the research interest has been processes of governmentality (Granath 2008; Asp-Onsjö, 2006, 2011). My contribution to the research field is to give a practice-oriented perspective on the mentoring assignment. Furthermore the goal is to contribute to the research field about educational restructuring in Europe (eg Goodson & Lindblad, 2010) and the multifaceted research field about supervision and mentoring (eg Åberg, 2009).

Method

The empirical study for this paper was carried out in two different upper secondary schools in Sweden 2012-2014. The data was produced through documents, interviews and field observations. I have followed twenty-four teachers in their everyday work. I have participated in their classroom instructions, mentoring meetings, workplace meetings, team meetings, parent meetings, lunch meetings, hall meetings etc. Together with these field observations we have had dialogues about the mentoring assignment, which afterwards have been transcribed. Additionally I have interviewed four principals and two representatives for the student health team. Finally, I have taken part of the school´s documentation routines and documentation concerning the mentoring assignment. Since the data is analyzed by an activity theoretical approach, I began the analysis by searching for contradictions and tensions in the data. Immediately I found out that the teachers actions around documentation and documentation routines were full of them. More clearly I tried to identify the central action or chains of actions, and in extension the driving force in the form of objects towards which the mentoring assignment has been directed. I was so to say trying to capture the trajectory of educational restructuring as it appeared in the teachers´ actions concerning documentation routines and requirements. Thus, I have been interested in what the teachers are trying to construct and conceptualize and towards what the most dominant motives for their actions are directed.

Expected Outcomes

The analytic work is still in progress. However, some preliminary results reveal that the mentoring assignment do not reflect the policy guidelines or the local instructions regarding the task and routines for documentation at the two upper secondary schools. Instead, the teachers´ professional practices produce and transform different tools, routines and actions to fit the problems the teachers have to deal with in practice. This creates tensions and disturbances that cannot easily be combined. One example is the contradiction between the policy demand for transparency, with regard to the mentoring assignment, and teachers´ traditional confidential ethical standpoint towards students as individuals.

References

Asp-Onsjö, L. (2006). Åtgärdsprogram – dokument eller verktyg? En fallstudie i en kommun. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Göteborg Studies in Educational sciences 248. Göteborgs universitet. Asp-Onsjö, L. (2011). Dokumentation, styrning och kontroll i den svenska skolan. Educare nr 2:2011, s. 39-56. Malmö Högskola. Engeström, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: an activity theoretical approach to developmental research. Dissertation, Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit. Engeström, Y. (2001). Expansive Learning at work: toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization. Journal of Education and Work, vol 14, No 1, 133-155. Engeström, Y. (2009). Expansive learning. Toward an activity-Theorethical reconceptualization. In (eds) Illeris, K. Contemporary theories of learning. London: Routledge. Goodson, I. F. & Lindblad S. (2010). Professional Knowledge and Educational Restructuring in Europe. Rotterdam: Sense Publications. Granath, G. (2008). Milda makter! Utvecklingssamtal och loggböcker som disciplineringstekniker. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, Studies in Educational sciences 263. Göteborgs Universitet. Möllås, G. (2009). ”Detta ideliga mötande.” En studie av hur kommunikation och samspel konstituerar gymnasieelevers skolpraktik. School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University. Dissertation Series No 8. 2009. Nordevall, E. (2011). Gymnasielärares uppdrag som mentor. En etnografisk studie av relationens betydelse för elevens lärande och delaktighet. School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University. Dissertation Series No 12.2011. Skolverket (2010). Risk för IG – gymnasierektorer om skolors stöd till elever som riskerar att inte nå målen. Stockholm: Fritzes. Åberg, K. (2009). Anledning till handledning. Skolledares perspektiv på grupphandledning. School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University. Dissertation Series No 9. 2009.

Author Information

Helena Wallström (presenting / submitting)
Gothenburg University
Department of Education and Special Education
Gothenburg

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