A Matter Of Concern: On The Introduction Of Entrepreneurship In The Swedish School 2009-2011.
Author(s):
Ditte Storck Christensen (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

ERG SES G 02, Policies of Education

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-02
09:00-10:30
Room:
FPCEUP - 114
Chair:
Tiago Neves

Contribution

In 2009, The Swedish National Agency for Education was given the task by the government to bring competencies fostering entrepreneurship into the primary school curriculum. The stated purpose was to stimulate economic growth. Subscribing to another set of values, educators were reluctant to accept economic growth as a main goal of education. The agency recruited educational researchers in order to make entrepreneurship meaningful within the pedagogical framework. They thus managed to establish the importance of entrepreneurship in school, while at the same time remoulding the concept to fit with what was already accepted in the pedagogical domain. I argue that research in this case functioned as a mediator between politics and pedagogy, facilitating acceptance in the educational sphere of the political goals of the Swedish government. Furthermore, I argue that the path between these spheres was constructed in a way that did not constitute a ”safe passage” for the economic-­political project. In the process of translating entrepreneurship into a meaningful pedagogical concept (denoting the characteristically pedagogical competencies of “creativity” and “reflexivity”) without losing the word “entrepreneurship”, fine lines between politics and pedagogics were blurred. This “blurring-­act” helped neutralize differences between the political and pedagogical spheres and left an opening for researcher to emphasize entrepreneurship as matter of personal growth, which in return made entrepreneurship a matter of concern to educators. Thus, the use of research to bridge these differences points to an often overseen ability of research to bridge the gap between while at the same time constituting the sphere of pedagogy. The Swedish example constitutes a point of departure for investigating these translations as they occur in the process of implementing entrepreneurship in the Swedish school.

Method

I approach the subject of what one could preferable call pedagogical resistance by means of Bruno Latours two track method as presented in his latest work An Inquiry Into Mode Of Existence (2013). The method consist in tracing two different kinds of trajectories. Following this method the prime concern becomes (a) to track the network made up by discontinuous actors of no resemblance and (b) to track the values that tend to the ongoing circulation between the referents constituting the network in question -- that is the specific values pertaining to the specific network in question and holding it together. The sensitivity towards the weird something that effects an immediate impression of an real existing domain (in this case pedagogics) despite the hybrid nature of any network, is needed in order to describe and explain what happens when entrepreneurship is made to pass the lines of the network we care to speak of as pedagogy. Thus, the method allows for an investigation of entrepreneurship through pedagogy because the identification of something pedagogical is the foundation on which any investigation of a pedagogical reaction towards entrepreneurship in school rests. The pedagogical reaction itself is analysed on the grounds of dialogue with representatives from The Swedish ministry of education, The Swedish National Agency for Education and with educational researchers from Umeå University. The conversations has been further supported by the reading of texts produced within EU, The Swedish ministry of education, The Swedish National Agency for Education and educational researchers from Umeå University. Through listening carefully, it is possible to discern particular arguments and ways of reasoning that belongs to the trajectory of pedagogics, and furthermore, to detect the specific trajectories that help entrepreneurship pass as a pedagogical concept. To support the notion of values intrinsic to certain kinds of networks – those we call social networks – I also pay attention to the theories of anthropologist Roy Rappaport. This will bring to light the conservative mechanisms of networks of the kind that fits Rappaports definition of ritual.

Expected Outcomes

The expected outcome of the investigation of the pedagogical respond to the politically initiated introduction of entrepreneurship in school is coined in the concept of negotiation. I expect the logics of pedagogues whether teachers of theorists, to seriously take on the task of negotiating the meaning of entrepreneurship to make it pass into the realm of school. I also expect politicians to accept the transformation of entrepreneurship according to the pedagogical values, knowing that entrepreneurship will never pass for a school-subject if it does not pass for a pedagogical concept. To this I will add a third expected outcome of interest especially to educational research. Presenting the field of educational research with the outlines and “insides” of political and pedagogical institutions, the crucial matter of concern to me has been to provide a different understanding of research. I see educational research as not necessarily and always enlightening, but rather it appears as a mean of solving differences in opinion – ruptures in meaning – on behalf of other actants opting for negotiations. Its function becomes to bridge, to create a pass between politicians and representatives of pedagogics but at the lowest cost possible (not compromising values). This means that research by way of its very own procedures (methods of collecting and analyzing data, altering concepts by altering definition and more) can close the gap and at the same time safe the meaning, pertaining to these special networks.

References

Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979. Boltanski, Luc, and Eve Chiapello. “The New Spirit of Capitalism.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 18, no. 3–4 (June 1, 2005). Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976. Harman, Graham. Prince of Networks: Bruno Latour and Metaphysics. re.press, 2009. Kristensen, Jens Erik. Kreativitetens Tidsalder - En Idéhistorisk Og Samtidsdiagnostisk Indkredsning. nr. 1. Dansk Pædagogisk Tidsskrift, 2006. Latour, Bruno. An Inquiry into Modes of Existence: An Anthropology of the Moderns. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2013. Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Clarendon Lectures in Management Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Latour, Bruno. Science in Action : How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1987. Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1993. Latour, Bruno. “Why Has Critique Run out of Steam?” Critical Enquiry 30 (2004): 225–248. Lundin, Sverker. “Hating School, Loving Mathematics: On the Ideological Function of Critique and Reform in Mathematics Education.” Educational Studies in Mathematics 80, no. 1–2 (May 1, 2012). Oettingen, Alexander von. Det Pædagogiske Paradoks: Et Grundstudie I Almen Pædagogik. Pædagogiske Linjer. Århus: Klim, 2003. Pfaller, Robert. Die Illusionen Der Anderen: Über Das Lustprinzip in Der Kultur. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2002. Poerksen, Uwe. Plastic Words: The Tyranny of a Modular Language. University Park: Pennsylvania University, 1995. Rappaport, Roy A. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, 0068-6794 ; 110. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999. Žižek, Slavoj. The Plague of Fantasies. London, Verso, 2008.

Author Information

Ditte Storck Christensen (presenting / submitting)
Aarhus university
Philosophy of education
Gothenburg

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