Approaches to Quality of Adult Education - OECD, EU, World Bank and UNESCO
Author(s):
Maja Maksimovic (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

11 SES 04 B, Comparative Studies on the Quality of Education

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-03
09:00-10:30
Room:
B232A/B Sala de Aulas
Chair:
Heidi Flavian

Contribution

The introduction of the concept of quality to the adult education practice and consequently the introduction of accreditation and certification system is a necessity in European Union discourse. Despite this inevitability, there is a need for critical reflection on the concept of quality and procedures of its implementation. One of the important questions that need to be addressed is: What is ideology behind the concept of quality in adult education? Quality assurance is seen as a key to success of educational change, and that includes the introduction of standardization, assessment, and evaluation procedures. Policy makers and educational practitioners believe that quality is an essential issue and they deal with the question of how to achieve it. We believe that adult education theorists have to ask series of questions such as: Who claims that something is quality; which models of quality are preferred and who define them.

The definition of quality is often the result of compromise. The idea of neutrality in this area proved to be impossible one since the concept of quality relies on the values, concepts and paradigms - whether directly or indirectly formulated. Political actors offer interpretation of certain concepts that support and defend their view of reality (Bacchi, 2000). The essential question is - who decides what quality is and who defines quality criteria. Analysis of the international document shows, though not explicitly, the two pillars of the concept of quality.

The first is civil society, embodied in a number of European (for instance EAEA, EUCIS LLL), international (ICAE, regional associations of the less developed parts of the world) and national associations. The important role is played by UNESCO, which, although an intergovernmental organization, represents the interests of citizens and marginalized groups.

Another approach to the global politics of adult education, and therefore the concept of quality is represented through the voice of the World Bank and the OECD. It's a world of economy, major capital markets, whose influence on adult education increased significantly with the global crisis and the growing economic problems. This trend has also led to some changes in the UNESCO concept.

Quality as a concept was originally developed for the needs of industry and management, and the idea is transferred to the field of education (Mitrovic & Radulovic, 2011). Economic background of the current approach to quality education will be specifically addressed.

Drawing on Foucault's view of the relationship of power and knowledge and keeping in mind his view of power as omnipotent and omnipresent, we raise the question - who defines the concept of quality, from which position and what are the instruments of power?



Method

We begin with the assumption that the strategic and policy documents are not only texts - they create actions, construct view of the world, highlight problems and promote solutions (Saarinen, 2007). Our analysis aims to highlight ideologies of different approaches to quality which mainly reflect dominant discourse of the organization. Discourse analysis allows to make visible the processes of policy-making and values, and power relations that are behind them (Saarinen , 2007). Chiapello and Faiclough (2002 ) suggest that ideology is a system of ideas, beliefs and values given to explain political order, provide legitimacy to existing hierarchies and power relations, and define group identity. Ideology and assumptions that underlie the concept of quality will be identified through analysis of the definition of indicators and their measurability, and methods proposed for their evaluation. We analyzed documents of the key players (OECD, World Bank, UNESCO and the European Commission) that are related to the quality of education. An important aspect of the exploration of the research problem is what Fairclough (2003) calls intertextuality, which implies the presence of different voices. He asks the question: Whose voices are heard, and whose absence is significant? We are looking for answers to the question: who defines quality, so we will analyze the representation of different voices, primarily voices of international organizations.

Expected Outcomes

By using critical discourse analysis and focusing on language and terminology of the texts, we came to the conclusion that the current concept of adult education quality was developed within the economic narrative where the purpose of education was seen in the growth of productivity through skills development. This paper provides a possible answer to the question: does the rhetoric of international documents is an indication of the final capitulation of educational paradigm, or it is just adjustment to the ongoing global crisis? Analysis of the current concept of quality shows that the concept is imported from the world of work. Several aspects of the concept itself support this claim. The first aspect is the terminology, which carries more than semantic meaning. Applying the approach of critical discourse analysis to the concept of quality, we recognized that the basic terms that refer to quality are - skills, competencies, measurement, indicators, standards, efficiency, effectiveness - indicate the quantitative paradigm that deals with outcomes rather than processes. Another aspect that shows economic origin of concept is related to indicators that are proposed for quality assessment: clearly defined and measurable standards and the percentage and levels of achievement (percentage of coverage, the skill level of the workforce level of acquired competences). It remains an open question of how it is possible to deal with the quality and appreciate the potential weaknesses and risks.

References

Bacchi, C. (2000). Policy as Discourse: what does it mean? where does it get us? Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 21(1), 45 – 57. Chiapello, E. & Fairclough, N. (2002). Understanding the new management ideology: a transdisciplinary contribution from critical discourse analysis and new sociology of capitalism. Discourse & Society, 13(2), 185–208. European Commission (2012). Rethinking Education: Investing in skills for better socio-economic outcomes. European Commission (2012). Proposal for a Council Recommendation on the validation of non-formal and informal learning. European Commission (2010a). Europe 2020: A European Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. European Commission (2009). EU Quality Assurance in Vocational Education and Training. European Commission (2009). Strategic framework for education and training. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press. Maksimović, M. (2012). Teorije učenja i odnosi moći u obrazovanju odraslih. Andragoške studije, 1, 37-62. Mitrović, M. i Radulović, L. (2011). Načini razumevanja i konceptualizovanja kvaliteta obrazovanja u nastavi. In Kačavenda-Radić, N., Pavlović-Breneselović, D. & Antonijević, R. (Eds.). Kvalitet u obrazovanju (str. 135 – 156) . Beograd: Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu i Institut za pedagogiju i andragogiju. Popović, K. (2012). Educational policy in Europe and the concept of skills. Proceedings of the 2012 conference of the ESREA network on Policy Studies in Adult Education, University of Nottingham, UK, 10th – 12th February 2012. Popović, K. (2012). The skills – a chimera of modern European adult education. In Zarifis, K. G. & Gravani, N. M. (Eds.). Challenging the 'European Area of Lifelong Learning': a critical response. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften - Springer Fachmedien. OECD (2005). The definition and selection of key competencies. Saarinen, T. (2008). Whose quality? Social actors in the interface of transnational and national higher education policy. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 29(2), 179 – 193. Saarinen, T. (2007). Quality on the Move: Discursive Construction of Higher Education Policy from the Perspective of Quality. Jyvaskiyla: University of Jyvaskiyla. UNESCO (2012). Youth and skills: Putting education to work. UNESCO (2009). Global Report on Adult Learning and Education. UIL, UNESCO (2012). Guidelines for the Recognition, Validation and Accreditation of the Outcomes of Non-formal and Informal Learning. World Bank (2011). Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development. World Bank (2007). The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4122).

Author Information

Maja Maksimovic (presenting / submitting)
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Serbia

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