Prospective Mathematics Teachers’ Use of a Graphing Calculator While Working on Exponential and Logarithmic Tasks
Author(s):
Merve Kaplan (presenting / submitting) Erdinç Çakıroğlu
Conference:
ECER 2012
Format:
Paper

Session Information

ERG SES C 06, Mathematics Education

Parallel Paper Session

Time:
2012-09-17
13:30-15:00
Room:
FCEE - Aula 2.6
Chair:

Contribution

Handheld graphing calculators (GCs) has been a frequently used technological tool in mathematics education for the last three decades since the instructional tools such as calculators, GCs, information and communication technologies and educational computer programs have been developed (Ersoy, 2001, 2005; Burrill et al., 2002; Kastberg & Leatham, 2005). Furthermore, GCs are accepted and proved to be the devices that provide opportunities in exploring, investigating and discovering mathematics (Hennessy et al., 2001; Özgün-Koca, 2009). Moreover, there is considerable number of studies which found evidence that technology use enhance students’ conceptual understanding of mathematics (Burrill et al., 2002; Doerr & Zangor, 2000; Özgün-Koca, 2009).
    Mathematics education should be integrated with advanced and interactive technological tools. Educational tools such as spreadsheets, GCs, dynamic graphing tools, computer algebra systems, dynamic statistical packages, data collection devices, and presentation software are considered as essential tools to be used in teaching and learning of mathematics (NCTM, 2000). New Turkish elementary and secondary mathematics curriculums emphasize technology use more than the previous curriculum (MEB, 2007).
    It is evident that teachers’ views on the use of handheld graphing technologies in teaching and learning mathematics influence their use of technology in mathematics classrooms (Brinkerhoff, 2006; Ersoy & Baki, 2004; Özgün-Koca, 2009; Thompson, 1992). Teachers’ views on the benefits of GCs develop according to their use of the tool (Doerr & Zangor, 2000) and teachers’ views about the roles of GCs would affect their use in mathematics classes (Özgün-Koca, 2010). In other words, teachers who gain experience with a GC more, believe its effectiveness on learning and construction of mathematical concepts more (Mason, 2010).
    In the present study, the purpose is to enable the participants identify exponential and logarithmic functions, and make connections between algebraic expressions of functions with visual representations. Transformation through multiple representations is specified in Turkish elementary mathematics curriculum (MEB, 2007) in the basic aims. It is apparent that teachers should be adequate in transforming mathematical representations in order to guide their students. Moreover, when students express mathematical concepts by using symbols, graphs, tables, real life situations and concrete models this will produce well-qualified learning (MEB, 2007).
    Research in the area of implementing GCs into mathematics education regarding the mathematical subjects in Turkish Mathematics Education Curriculum is very rare (Ersoy, 2000) when the worldwide studies are considered. Obtaining the views of prospective teachers about the process, by examining the needs, complains and advantages they express is believed to provide important data to improve the implementation of GCs in mathematics education. The present study aims to investigate the prospective mathematics teachers’ use of the GCs in mathematics, particularly in exponentials and logarithm. The following research questions guided this study:
a)    What benefits and constraints do prospective mathematics teachers face while working on exponential and logarithmic functions through using ClassPad 330?
b)    In which steps and for which reasons do prospective mathematics teachers use ClassPad 330 while working on exponential and logarithmic functions?

Method

Participants of the study were five – 2 males and 3 females – third year prospective elementary mathematics teachers in a private university, in Ankara, Turkey. There were 4 tasks in the exponential and logarithmic functions section in the function classes unit of a calculus book with GC adapted content (Hastings & Reynolds, 1999). Content of the tasks were not revised or changed in order to obtain concept integrity. In addition, students were asked to solve 3 real life problems at the end of the 4 tasks. Participants were familiar with the GC – ClassPad 330 (CP). The main menu and the graphics and tables menu of the instructional tool CP was used in the current study. Semi-structured clinical interviews were conducted to gather data. Three participants were interviewed separately and two participants will be interviewed in the beginning of the following semester while working on the exponential and logarithmic mathematical tasks. Participants were directed to think aloud and show all their work on the task sheets. The interviews were audio taped. Prospective teachers’ solution papers were also analyzed. Data triangulation was used to ensure the trustworthiness in the study.

Expected Outcomes

The preliminary results of three interviews revealed some important points of the prospective teachers’ views on the use of CP while working on exponential and logarithmic functions. To start with, participants mentioned that CP provides computational easiness such as immediate calculations and sketching. They referred to the graphing and sketching abilities of CP which allows for immediate and accurate construction of the graphs. Moreover, seeing changes in the graphs visually, easy and accurate comparison of the graphs, and zooming function were also mentioned. By providing data about the use of GCs in working on tasks about exponential and logarithmic functions with the third year prospective mathematics teachers whom will be the future teachers, the current study extend the studies which focus on elementary grade mathematics education with handheld graphing technologies. This is an ongoing study. It is intended to conduct interviews with other prospective teachers. Hence, the situations they tend to use CP can be reported in detail. The reasons why they use CP in exponential and logarithmic tasks are aimed to be investigated. Their views on the use of CP while working on exponential and logarithmic tasks will be clarified in a post research.

References

Brinkerhoff, J. (2006). Effects of a long-duration professional development academy on technology skills, computer self-efficacy, and technology integration beliefs and practices. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 39, 22-43. Burrill, G., Allison, J., Breaux, G., Kastberg, S., Leatham, K. & Sanchez, W. (2002). Handheld graphing technology in secondary mathematics: Research findings and implications for classroom practice. Dallas, TX: Texas Instruments. Doerr, H. M. & Zangor, R. (2000). Creating meaning for and with the graphing calculator. Educational Studies in Mathematics. 41(2), 141-163. Ersoy, Y. (2005). Matematik eğitimini yenileme yönünde ileri hareketler-i: teknoloji destekli matematik öğretimi. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 4(2), 51-63. Hastings, N. B. and Reynolds, B., (1999). Workshop Calculus with Graphing Calculators, Volume 1, Springer-Verlag New York Hennessy, S., Fung, P. & Scanlon, E. (2001). The role of graphic calculator in mediating graphing activity. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 32, 267-290. Kastberg, S., & Leatham, K. (2005). Research on graphing calculators at the secondary level: Implications for mathematics teacher education. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 5(1), 25-37. Ministry of National Education – Head Council of Education and Morality. (2007). Elementary mathematics curriculum program and guide, Ankara: Management Office of Government Books. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics NCTM (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics, Reston, VA: Author. Özgün-Koca, A. S. (2010). Prospective teachers’ views on the use of calculators with Computer Algebra System in algebra instruction. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 13, 49-73. Özgün-Koca, A. S. (2009). The views of preservice teachers about the strengths and limitations of the use of graphing calculators in mathematics instruction. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 17(2), 203-227.

Author Information

Merve Kaplan (presenting / submitting)
Başkent University
Elementary Mathematics Education
Ankara
Middle East Technical University, Turkey

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