Seeking Inclusion through the Quagmire: Written versus Enacted UN Disability Rights Conventions
Author(s):
Ben Whitburn (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2012
Format:
Paper

Session Information

04 SES 06 A, Basic Rights

Parallel Paper Session

Time:
2012-09-19
15:30-17:00
Room:
FFL - Aula 16
Chair:
Claes Nilholm

Contribution

On the international stage, recent political commitment has been made to education for all children following ratification of the Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994), and social inclusion more broadly for people with disabilities - subsequent to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2006). However, a major indignity that trouble social development is the continued marginalisation of people with disabilities.

 

Educational systems, as Barton (1997) observes, contribute in some measure to this deed, as it is through teaching and learning that societies replicate themselves. However, in order to redress educational exclusion, Slee (1996) argues that in seeking to advance current schooling, researchers with disabilities must stringently interrogate educational discourse to reveal structural oppositions to inclusion. The ontological and epistemological significance of disabled researchers engaging in qualitative inquiry alongside marginalised groups in education abound. For one, the reorientation of exploration in this way shores up confrontation with accepted norms that promote exclusion (Slee). Allan (2010), meanwhile, affirms that multi-vocality in education research in this way fulfils a political commitment of scholarship to the sociology of disability.

 

My objective in the current paper is to demonstrate the relevance of inclusive education research in two related parts. First, I advance the ontological and epistemological significance of qualitative enquiry conducted by a person with a disability with like participants. I use in this analysis some findings of a recent small-scale qualitative study that I conducted in Queensland, Australia with a group of young people with vision impairment (VI) who attended a public secondary school. As a person myself with VI who had studied in an inclusive school in the 1990s, I was motivated to ascertain their lived experiences of current-day educational inclusion. I also draw on some of my own experiences of negotiating deficit and inclusive discourses within school and society more broadly. From my experiences of seeking employment in Australia, to living and working in Spain with little encumbrance, my own narrative – interwoven throughout the paper strengthens the emergent theory as I shall demonstrate in subsequent sections.

 

Second, I examine the divergences that occur between the written CRPD (2006) - that is enshrined in the legislation of many countries - and its enactment, by comparing aspects of the emergent theory with the rights-driven convention. Taken together, the experiences of both myself and study participants collectively provide valuable tools with which to compare written vis-à-vis enacted inclusion policies across life stages and both cultural and physical settings.

Method

I recruited five students to the study, and went about gathering more than twenty hours of interview data through both focus group and individual consultations with them, in which I invited them to speak freely about their experiences of inclusion. I deployed Strauss and Corbin’s (1990) prescription of grounded theory methodology, for its capacity to both systematically collect and conduct analysis on data, without hindrance from previously published research. That is to say, the concepts that comprise the emergent theory were completely derived from, or grounded in the data. In “Pushing grounded theory around the postmodern turn”, Clarke (2005, p.19) highlights the importance of researcher reflexivity, and the splicing together of heterogeneous voices (both human and nonhuman) in forming complex theories. She enlists Foucault to uncover the discursive practices that exist in the multiple worlds/arenas that are constitutive of social experience. Reframing this study accordingly with me in the picture - both widens the ontology and epistemology of inclusive inquiry, and enhances the capacity for the theory to address divergent practices: power and authority in particular (Clarke) through multiple perspectives and voices.

Expected Outcomes

Recognising that it is both socially and economically commonsensical to have persons with disabilities included wholly into society (United Nations, 2006), the CRPD (2006) outlines measures that States must implement in order to achieve greater equality. Of relevance to the emergent theory of the study is Section N (Preamble) of the CRPD, which emphasises the value of personal autonomy. A core aspect of the theory is personal autonomy; participants perceived it as key to the success of their inclusion. However, through their accounts, they revealed that various discursive practices negatively impacted their autonomy, and subsequently their inclusion. Concurrently, my own transgressions when autonomously seeking employment highlight the importance of the assertion of the CRPD, but also the discursive practices that continue to placate it. As this research demonstrates in the wider global context of United Nations policy, disability is still the elephant in the room that obstructs social cohesion both in schools and beyond. The empirical evidence presented here confirms the relevance of inclusive education research in its capacity to highlight narratives of exclusion and transgression, upon which, academics and policy makers can develop a greater understanding of how to enhance inclusive principles to the benefit of social development generally.

References

Allan, J. (2010). The sociology of disability and the struggle for inclusive education, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 31(5), 603-619. Barton, L. (1997). The politics of special educational needs. In L. Barton, & M. Oliver (Eds.), Disability Studies: Past, Present and Future (pp. 138-159). Leeds: The Disability Press. Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational analysis: grounded theory after the postmodern turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Slee, R. (1996). Inclusive schooling in Australia? Not yet. Cambridge Journal of Education, 26(1), 19-32. Strauss, A. C., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded Theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. UNESCO (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris: Author. United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York: Author. United Nations (2006). Q&A: Why a convention? Retrieved 23 January 2012 from http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/questions.shtml

Author Information

Ben Whitburn (presenting / submitting)
Deakin University
Faculty of Arts and Education
Melbourne

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