The Freegan Subculture as an Informal Learning Environment
Author(s):
Katerina Lojdova (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2012
Format:
Paper

Session Information

ERG SES H 14, Classrooms

Parallel Paper Session

Time:
2012-09-18
13:15-14:45
Room:
FCEE - Aula 4.9
Chair:
Christine Winter

Contribution

The research is based on the field of social pedagogy and explores informal learning in a non-formal group. The chosen non-formal group is defined as a subculture of freegans, because it is a culture within a broader mainstream culture, with its own separate values, practices, and beliefs (Subberwal, 2009). The values of freegans are strongly environmental, connected with animals-rights, ecology and nonconsumerism. Practices include environmental activism (happenings, meetings, movies for public) and collective practice such as cooking vegan meal or obtaining recycled articles.

 

The aim is to describe the process of informal learning, including its products, which are values, in the case of this research, which young people learn in the subculture. The research question was: "How does the process of informal learning take place in the subculture and what values ​​are significant for subculture of freegans?" The selected methodological approach is qualitative research, which is described below.

The theoretical framework is interdisciplinary. It consists of subculture theory, the theory of informal learning and social pedagogy. The theory of subcultures are reflected through the point of view of the Chicago school, e.g. Cohen's theory of subcultures (Cohen, 1958, 1966) over the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (Hall, Jefferson, 1976)  and to the postsubcultural theory (Bennet, Kahn-Harris, 2004). The theories of informal learning are put into a broader context of learning (Jarvis, 2006). Informal learning  is defined and compared to lifelong learning and the emphasis is on informal learning in the contemporary documents such as the European Commission Memorandum on Lifelong Learning. Complement to the theoretical knowledge are theories related to social pedagogy, especially the process of socialization (Berger, Luckmann, 2011) and characteristics of the target group of young adults.
The definition of informal learning is based on the Memorandum on Lifelong Learning and defines informal learning as "a natural accompaniment to everyday life. Unlike the formal and nonformal learning, informal learning is not necessarily intentional learning, and so may well not be recognised even by individuals themselves as contributing to their knowledge and skills". Informal learning occurs in a variety of places and subcultural environment is one of them. Informal learning is effective because „it is personal, just-in-time, customized and a  learner is motivated and open to receiving it. It also has a greater credibility and relevance“ (Cross, 2011).

Subculture environment opens a new space of exploration for the learning process. The present study relates to the subculture environment, the selected theories and shows the possible methodological procedures to explore learning.  

Method

The research strategy is a qualitative research. Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding how people interpret their experiences and how they construct their worlds (Merriam, 2009). The research question sounded: “ How does the process of informal learning take place in the subculture and what values are significant for subculture of freegans?“ The research method was semi-structured interview. All interviews were recorded and transcribed word by word. The sample consisted of 8 freegans. The criteria of the sample were three: to define themselves as freegans, freegan practice and interaction with another freegans. The sample was constructed by snowball technique. There is 4 women and 4 men in the sample, but sampling is in the process, until a theoretical saturation, which is sampling strategy in which the research simply continues to study new research samples until the theory that has been developed is confirmed (Aurbech, Silverstein, 2003). An Important data-gathering technique is also a participant obeservation and making field notes. The observed events were common activties and there were many field notes connected with interaction and informal learning process inside the group. Analysis was done by open coding and codes were grouped together to form categories (Strauss, Corbin, 1998).

Expected Outcomes

The outcomes describe main factors of informal learning process in the subculture and also the product of this process – values. While this is a dissertation research in progress, at this stage of research the paper aims at values which memebers learn in the subculture. The paper is divided into two parts. The first one describes the social environment of the subculture and the second one the values of members of subcultures as a result of informal learning process. In the first part, freegan subculture is discussed as a milieu for informal learning and self-development. This approach includes its social involvement connected with human rights, animals rights and environmental protection. Negative factors are also mentioned, such as social exclusion or stressful factors. Finally, main factors influencing adjunction, involvement and departure from the subculture are mentioned, too. The second part categorizes values in freegan subculture. First category are social values, the second are environmental values divided into animate and inanimate nature, the third category are material values and the last category are values of free time. The perspective of researched people is engaged, they subjectively describe their experiences of learning in the non-formal group and the values they have learned.

References

A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning (2000). Commission of European Communities, Brussels. Auerbach, C., Silverstein, L. (2003). Qualitative Data: an Introduction to Coding and Analysis. NYU Press. Bennett, A., Kahn-Harris, K. (2004). After Subculture: Critical Studies in Contemporary Youth Culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Berger, P., Luckmann, T. (2011). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Open Road. Cohen A. (1958). Research in Delinquent Subcultures. Bobbs-Merrill. Cohen, A. (1966). Devinace and Control. New Yersey: Prentice Hall. Cross, J. (2011). Informal Learning: Rediscovering the Natural Pathways That Inspire Innovation and Performance. John Wiley and Sons. Hall, S., Jefferson, T. (1976). Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Jarvis, P. (2006). Towars a Comprehensive Theory of Human Learning. New York: Routledge. Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. John Wiley and Sons. Strauss, A, Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Sage. Subberwal, R. (2009). Dictionary of Sociology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Author Information

Katerina Lojdova (presenting / submitting)
Masaryk university
Department of Pedagogy
Brno

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