This paper outlines the project framework, built around the categories of education, qualification, knowledge, competence, use and exchange of labour, and governance. Differences - both conceptual and in their practical application - in each of these dimensions are compared between our four countries (England, France, Germany and the Netherlands), with special reference to four sectors (construction, ICT, logistics and health) and occupations (bricklayer/mason, software engineer, large vehicle driver and nurse). Particular focus is on the importance attached to each dimension both within the VET system and at the levels of society, firm and workplace.The analysis shows how particular qualifications attached to each occupation are embedded and the depth of knowledge, combination of mental and physical abilities, scope of activities and social status which each implies. The significance of the differences observed for the European Qualifications Framework is assessed and categories proposed capable of transcending these and of acting as a reference point.