School, Calculable Territory, And The Making of The Nation
Author(s):
Sabiha Bilgi (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

17 SES 01, Paper Session

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-02
13:15-14:45
Room:
B221 Sala de Aulas
Chair:
Catherine Burke

Contribution

This paper examines the constructions of Turkish nationess and the school through a perspective based on space. More specifically, the paper investigates the school as a determining element in establishing a nationalized form of space called homeland. It focuses on the amalgamation of the school with a set of homeland producing practices in Turkey, and it sheds light on how the school constructs homeland by projecting of a sense of unified place onto individuals and linking people and places together in a certain way. 

The nation is generally conceived as an “origin” that makes claims over and possesses a territory of its own. On the other hand, as discussed by Anderson (1983) and Hobshawm (1992), and as elaborated further by scholars in the fields of political and cultural geography (Kaiser, 1994, 2001; Paasi, 1996; Hedetoft, 1998), the homeland is a discursive act that fabricates the nation. Williams and Smith (cited in Kaiser, 2001, p. 316) write that “whatever else the nation may be, it is nothing, if not a mode of constructing and interpreting social space”. The making of the nation involves the making of space into a place in the form of homeland. Space becomes place through the unique gathering of things, practices, representations, meanings, and values (Gieryn, 2000). As a “historically contingent process” (Pred, 1984), national homeland is constantly made and re-made through the institutions, procedures, tactics, analyses, calculations, reflections, and narrations that generate “a cognitive, sensual, habitual, and affective sense of national identity and provide a spatial matrix which links people and place together” (Edensor, 2002, p. 37). My aim in this paper is to examine Turkish schooling within a grid of homeland producing practices, such as statistics, ethnography, and maps. 

Method

This study involves archival research and draws on a “genealogical” reading of the educational discussions in the early Republican era of Turkey. Archival materials examined include the writings of Turkish educators in the early Republican period and primary and secondary sources on the history of education and childhood in Turkey. In Foucault’s own words (1984, p. 59), genealogy is “…a form of history which can account for the constitution of knowledges, discourses, domains of objects, etc., without having to make reference to a subject which is either transcendental in relation to the field of events or runs in its empty sameness throughout the course of history”. My focus is on the way in which the school became an object of thought in the context of Turkey embodying a certain kind of reasoning about space, the world, and individually.

Expected Outcomes

After the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in 1923, the issue of Republican elite was primarily “discovering” the newly bordered terrain and attaining its “conceptual conquest” (Hirsch, 2005, p. 101). In order to carry out its governing over in the terrain and its inhabitants, the state needed to utilize a variety of techniques for knowing, and of representing, to transform it from an opaque, complex, and chaotic space into a legible place that is static, standardized, and uniform. Producing knowledge related to the condition of schooling in the bordered terrain made the terrain itself and its diverse inhabitants intelligible and provided the state with precise ways to act. Second, furnishing a body of ethnographic knowledge related to the bordered terrain and compiled with an aim of designing “appropriate” schools was crucial in terms of representing it as a distinct and unified national place. Finally, thematic maps related to the geographical distribution of schools on the national terrain played an important role in imagining the Turkish nation as real existing objectively “out there”. The contribution of this study to this year's ECER, of which the theme is “the past, present and future of educational research in Europe”, lies in the fact that it brings together diverse interdisciplinary approaches to think about the materially of the knowledge of schooling. The Turkish case that this study presents brings into view the importance of the knowledge of schooling or educational knowledge as a material part of school that constructs individuals as both objects and subjects of its practices and shapes, and governs, the ways in which they relate to, and act on, each other, the world, and themselves.

References

Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: NY: Verso. Edensor, T. (2002). National identity, popular culture and everyday life. New York, NY: Berg Publishers. Foucault, M. (1984). Truth and power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Foucault reader. New York: Pantheon Books. Gieryn, T. F. (2000). A space for place in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 463-496. Hedetoft, U. (1998). Constructions of Europe: Territoriality, sovereignty, identity. In S. Immerfall (Ed.), Territoriality in the globalizing society (pp. 153-171). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Hirsch, F. (2005). Empire of nations: Ethnographic knowledge and the making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Kaiser, R. J. (1994). The geography of nationalism in Russia and the USSR. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Kaiser, R. J. (2001). Geography and nationalism. In A. Motyl (Ed.), Encyclopedia of nationalism, Vol. 1. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Paasi, A. (1996). Territories, boundaries, and consciousness. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Pred, A. (1984). Place as historically contingent process: Structuration and the timegeography of becoming places. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(2), 279-297.

Author Information

Sabiha Bilgi (presenting / submitting)
Abant Izzet Baysal University
Elementary Education
Bolu

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