"Transitions to Higher Education During Austerity Times: Expectations and Challenges for Young People From Border Regions"
Author(s):
Ana Milheiro Silva (presenting / submitting) Sofia Marques da Silva (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Poster

Session Information

05 SES 04.5 PS, General Poster Session

General Poster Session

Time:
2016-08-24
12:00-13:30
Room:
NM-Concourse Area
Chair:

Contribution

Recent literature (Cairns, Growiec, & Alves, 2014; Dietrich, 2013) suggests that economic crisis in Youth Studies is a topic that need further development. The economic and financial crisis affected young people from the majority of EU Member States in their expectations regarding education, employment and life pathways and choices in general. The sense of precarity, lack of prospects and vulnerability increased and was accompanied by a relative growth of what seemed to be the group of inactive young people. Nevertheless, in the past two decades non linearity and risk has been associated to youth transitions, accounting for changes in young people life trajectories, at the same time that we become acquainted by changes and challenges, namely faced by school and family in their roles in structuring those pathways (Furlong & Cartmel, 1997; Leccardi, 2005; Pais, 2000; Silva, 2011; Walther, 2006). A very recent study by Pau Serracant (2015) for the Catalonia context tries to analyse the impact of crisis in youth transitions regime, calling the attention for the main reasons for the extension of youth transitions, especially education and work transition.

This poster seeks to compare data collected through a questionnaire in 2011 and in 2015 in what concerns young people from border regions educational aspirations. The year’s range is coincident with the fall of the Portuguese government and the troika rescue programme and bailout, followed by 4 years of austerity measures. It was our aim to find out how their expectations were constructed in two distinguished moments, concerning future plans and prospects, indicating willingness to continuing studying, or indicating to invest in an anticipated school to work transition solution.

In the past 4 decades Higher Education system in Portugal become acquainted with a process of expansion and democratization (Magalhães, 2004; Teodoro, 2003) and new type of students, as those coming working class, started to become admitted in HE - as well as a larger number of women (Rocha & Silva, 2007).

Families from working class started investing, under hard conditions, in their children education, feeling that access to Higher Education was not restricted to privileged young people and understanding benefits from a wider participation in HE. The difficult times that came with the economic crisis put in danger former investments and the fulfillment of those families expectations, inducing a reorganization of young people aspirations and plans.

The main goal in this poster is to discuss young people choice dynamics framed by a structure of opportunities and that can be understood as being more or less affected by the economic crisis, understanding that “the economic crisis is expected to reduce de adoption of risks” (Serracant, 2015, p.49), especially when other disadvantages are already existent (SES and geographic location). It is understood that leaving a mainstreaming educational pathway decrease young people’s opportunities. This fact can only be understood if you consider it "in relation to individual biographies and the extent to which different young people have access to the requisite resources to enable them to respond constructively to events and changing circumstances" (Thomson et al., 2002, p.350).

In this proposal geographic aspects are taken into consideration, as young people decision-making processes, concerning going to Higher Education, imply, in several cases, moving to another place. Hence, this proposal is also benefiting from borders studies (Aitken et al., 2011; Christou & Syprou, 2012), also those referring to young people in the Portuguese context (Dornelas et al., 2010; Portela et al., 2000).

Method

This proposal is based on a survey and its reapplication. It is part of a larger research project about youth cultures and educational pathways of young people in Portuguese border contexts. Data were collected in the first months of announced economic crisis (school year 2010-2011, N=110) and after a time of austerity (school year 2014-2015, N=95). All data were collected in a Cluster Scholl of a village in the Northeast of Portugal, close to the Spanish border, and this proposal reflects a case study with all students from 10th-12th school in 2011 and in 2015. The data presented in this proposal were collected through a questionnaire (research instrument) under a personal on-site survey (Menter et al., 2013) and the data analysis is based on mixed methods (Punch, 2014) through content analysis and statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). About the research instrument, this questionnaire presents 9 groups of closed and open questions. For this proposal we will focus on the subgroup of “perceptions and expectations regarding to future”. This subgroup comprises 11 likert-type items, evaluating agreement on a scale ranged between “0 – I totally do not agree” to “5 – I totally agree”. It pretends to be an exploratory group of items which will be analysed in a complementary way with qualitative data. Qualitative data was collected based on an open question: “Taking into consideration your experience as student, what value you address to school and school knowledge for your future?”. We will also mobilize a group of items with yes/no answers about what young people think they will be doing after 12th grade, in order to join together data that fit our research goal. Regarding to 2011, this questionnaire was answered by 110 participants (N=170), of which 42 were students from 10th, 28 were from 11th and 40 were from 12th. They are mainly female (43.6% male; 56.4% female) and their ages ranged between 15-20 years old (M=16.82; DP=1.203). In 2015, 95 participants (N=95) answered to the questionnaire, of which 43 were students from 10th, 15 were from 11th and 37 were from 12th. They are mainly female (40.0 male; 60.0 female) and their ages ranged between 15-19 years old (M=16.75; DP=1.237). These participants are mainly from working class families with jobs in construction (29.3%), agriculture (14.6%) as well as service workers/sellers (14.6%). There is a high percentage of stay home mothers (31.7%).

Expected Outcomes

Percent values indicate that in 2011 and 2015 most of youngsters consider studying after the 12th grade. Nevertheless, between 2011 and 2015 the percent value of young respondents who consider studying in HE decreased (percent difference of 2.6%), while percent value of those who consider to work increased (percent difference of 10.9%). Results indicate that in 2015 they are more likely to work in order to help their family (t(182.140)=-2.42, p=0.016), suggesting that austerity impact in decisions about future, being family responsibilities an important factor. Statistical significant results on the “perceptions and expectations regarding future” indicate that young people in 2015 present high scores of agreement on keep studying in their home region (t(202)=-2.221, p=0.027) and willing to proceed to HE if their friends do the same (t(160.828)=-2.697, p=0.008) when compared to young respondents from 2011 (Field, 2013). Mobility and risk taking decrease and willing to stay in confort zones increase. Descriptive results indicate that girls in both years, comparing with boys, continue to be those who grow up more with the idea that they will study in HE and those who think the most about HE, independently from their peers’ choices. However, overall results suggest that crisis have more impact on girls’ expectations. A comparison between 2011 and 2015 indicates that girls (2015) have an higher level of agreement related to need to work to help their family (t(117)=-2.500, p=0.014), and they consider more strongly to go to HE if their friends do the same (t(86.261)=-2.219; p=0.029). Qualitative data (2015) highlight the value still given to school: “has a lot of value because it will help me to learn and get the opportunities that I want” (girl,18,12th), but advert to questions amplified by austerity: “at this moment, nothing has value because 90% of young people goes to unemployment” (boy,17,11th).

References

Aitken, S., Bosco, F., Herman, T., & Swanson, K. (Eds). (2011). Young People, Border Spaces and Revolutionary Imaginations. London: Routledge. Cairns, D., Growiec, K., & Alves, N. A. (2014). Another ‘Missing Middle’? The maginalised majority of terciary-educated youth in Portugal during the economic crisis. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(8), 1046-1060. Christou, M., & Spyrou, S. (2012). Border Encounters: How Children Navigate Space and Otherness in an Ethnically Divided Society. Childhood, 19(3), 302- 316. Dietrich, H. (2013). Youth unemployment in the period 2001–2010 and the European crisis – looking at the empirical evidence. Transfer, 19(3) 305-324. Dornelas, A., Oliveira, L., Veloso, L., & Guerreiro, M. D. (Orgs.). (2010). Portugal Invisível. Editora Mundos Sociais, CIES, ISCTE-IUL: Lisboa. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed). London: Sage. Furlong, A., & Cartmel, F. (1997). Risk and Uncertainty in Youth Transition. Young, 5, 3-20. Leccardi, C. (2005). Facing Uncertainty: Temporality and Biographies in the New Century. Young, 13(2), 123–146. Magalhães, A. M. (2006). A identidade do ensino superior: a educação superior e a universidade. Revista Lusófona de Educação, 7, 13-40. Menter, I., Elliot, D., Hulme, M., Lewin, J., & Lowden, K. (2013). A guide to practitioner research in education. London: SAGE. Pais, J. M. (2000). Transitions and Youth Cultures: forms and performances. International Social Sciences Journal, 164, 219-232. Portela, J. et al. (2000). Young People: From Vocational Dreams to Pragmatism: Policies and Young People in Rural Development. Vila Real: DES/UTAD. Punch, K. F. (2014). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches (3rd ed.). London: SAGE. Rocha, C., & Silva, S. M. (2007). Raparigas e rapazes no ensino superior em Portugal no final dos anos 90. Educação, Sociedade & Culturas, 25, 169-182 Silva, S. M. (2011). Da casa da juventude aos confins do mundo: Etnografia de fragilidades, medos e estratégias juvenis. Porto: Edições Afrontamento. Serracant, P. (2015). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Youth Trajectories: A Case Study from Southern Europe. Young, 23(1), 39-58. Teodoro, A. (2003). Ensino Superior: tendências e desafios no caso português. In: Teodoro, A. & Vasconcelos, M. L. (Org.). Ensinar e Aprender no Ensino Superior. São Paulo: Cortez Editora,13-33. Thomson, R. et al. (2002). Critical Moments: Choice, Chance and Opportunity in Young People’s Narratives of Transition. Sociology, 36(2), 335-354. Walther, A. (2006). Regimes of Youth Transitions: Choice, Flexibility and Security in Young People’s Experiences across Different European Contexts. Young, 14(2), 119–139.

Author Information

Ana Milheiro Silva (presenting / submitting)
University of Porto, Portugal
University of Porto, Portugal

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