‘Don't let it get to you’ – Mitigating Affective Displays and Defusing Conflict in a Special Support Classroom
Author(s):
Johanna Svahn (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

04 SES 05 B, Inclusive Communication and Interaction

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-24
13:30-15:00
Room:
OB-H0.12
Chair:
Stefan Müller-Mathis

Contribution

Although a lot of attention has been paid within special educational research towards the management of disruptive classroom behavior, rather few studies tend to explore the intimate relation between classroom management and teachers’ language-use. And, while there is a large body of literature employing various techniques of conflict resolution, mediation, and negotiation, in order to resolve problems likes teasing, put-downs, pushing, or hitting within classrooms, these rarely acknowledge the complexity of the situated actions that constitute these activities.

    An overriding aim of this study is therefor to in more detail delve into a particular pedagogical procedure by which teachers try to avoid a potential student conflict from arising within a special support classroom. More specifically, it explores the role of a particular expression, ‘don’t let it get to you’ (sw. ‘bry dig inte’), which is frequently used by the teachers to neutralize affective displays that risk leading to a conflict. On the basis of analysis of naturally occurring classroom interaction, taking place at a special support school for students attending 7th-9th grade, it is demonstrated how this particular expression is issued by the teachers in the context of several different types of classroom activities, as well as in different sequential environments.

     The study takes an interactional approach to conflict management within an educational setting. This inclines a specific interest in how the participants’ utterances, by virtue of the sequences in which they appear, perform recognizable social actions. Utterances normally orient to what has come before them, but at the same time they also serve as frames for which action can possibly come to follow them. As Goodwin (2006, p. 443) proclaims, such dual orientation is particularly apparent in conflict situations, because of the “retrospective and prospective horizons shaping the construction of utterances in conflict”. When an educational order breaks down, as in the case of the potential conflict episodes focused in this study, the participants thus implicitly have to negotiate what the new context will be. The scope of the study therefor also invcludes an interest for which  ‘contextualization cues’ (Gumpertz, 1982) the participants make use of to signal to one another what the ongoing social context is, and when it is changing. As Dorr-Bremme (1990) points out, such contextualization cues can namely serve as powerful, immediate means of regulating the flow and content of discourse, and also play an important role in the enactment of social authority, and the achievement of classroom management. Consequently, such cues are also crucial for how the teachers are able to reflexively design their talk so as to avoid the various conflict trajectories projected by the students’ actions.

Conflicts often involve the venting of anger (cf. Goodwin, 2006). The fact that the emergence and expression of irritation and anger, similar to other affective displays, is intimately linked to particular kinds of interactional configuration (cf. Dersley and Wootton, 2001) suggests, in relation to the scope of this article, that the precise sequential placement of emotional displays also hold important clues about the circumstances that shape the interventional moves of the teachers. 

Method

By use of ethnographic and conversation analytic (CA) methodologies, including the systematic observation and recording of classroom interaction within a special support classroom, the present study attempts to unpack the nature and functions of a specific expression as it is used in the context of conflict management. The data for the study was collected as part of an ethnographic field study carried out in a special educational unit part of the Swedish secondary school system during the academic year of 2012/2013. During this period, a combination of participant observation and video recordings were used, on the grounds of it offering an opportunity to generate both comprehensive insight into the overall routines of the setting, while also conveying more detailed information on the everyday interactions that took place therein (cf. Lazaraton & Ishihara, 2005; Zsang Waring & Hruska, 2011; Maynard, 2005 The use of Conversation Analysis (CA) serves to demonstrate in the details of talk and embodied conduct how a particular aspect of context is consequential for how an interaction unfolds. The CA approach thus offers a lens by which to examine the complex nature of conflict management as it occurs in the turn-by-turn interactions between teachers and students. Ethnographic details are also brought in when relevant to explanations of specific findings, and in describing more overall situations of analyzed events. Three interactional episodes entailing potential trouble in terms of an upcoming student conflict have been chosen for closer analysis. More in detail the analysis focuses on: i) in which sequential positions within the conflict episodes the expression is issued, ii) how the expression positions the participants in the interactional sequence in which it is issued, and iii) which interactional consequences the issuing of the utterance have for the unfolding of the ongoing interaction.

Expected Outcomes

The preliminary results of the study indicate that the focused utterance, when issued in conflict situations in the classroom, tends to work rather successfully as a neutralizing strategy, in that it offers an alternative way for concerned student to both avoid ratifying, as well as participating in, particular courses of action projected by other students. However, the preliminary results also indicate that it works most successfully if issued at the very first hint of a potential conflict, e.g. in a talk with a teacher without the other party present, or in a position where a first oppositional move have been bodily, but not yet verbally responded to, by the other party. The preliminary result also suggest that the use of the utterance offers an opportunity for the teachers to, on the one hand, avoid holding students initiating a conflict accountable for their actions, while, on the other hand, still ascribing agency to targeted students in communicating that it is a choice they can make weather or not to let the other student affect them. As such, the utterance seem to be a functional interactional resource in that it can smoothly downplay the relevance of the source of a conflict, without having to verbalize or address the conflict source itself.

References

Lazaraton, A., & Ishihara, N. (2005). Understanding Second Language Teacher Practice Using Microanalysis and Self-Reflection: A Collaborative Case Study. The Modern Language Journal 89(4), 529-542. Zsang Waring, H., & B, Hruska. (2011). Getting and keeping Nora on board: A novice elementary ESOL student teacher's practices for lesson engagement. Linguistics & Education 22(4), 441-455. Maynard, D. W. (2006). Ethnography and conversation analysis: What is the context of an utterance? In S. Nagy Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Emergent methods in social research. London: Sage. Gumpertz, J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dorr-Bremme, D. (1990). Contextualization cues in the classroom: Discourse regulation and social control functions. Language in Society 19(3), 379-402. Goodwin, C. (2006). Retrospective and prospective orientation in the construction of argumentative moves. Text & Talk 26(4-5), 443-461. Dersley, I., & Wootton, A. (2001). In the heat of the sequence: Interactional features preceding walkouts from argumentative talk. Language in Society 30(4), 611-638

Author Information

Johanna Svahn (presenting / submitting)
Uppsala University
Uppsala

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