Adequate self-efficacy in teaching is useful for motivating teachers for continuing professional development (Hatlevik, 2017). Teachers’ digital competence predicts their use of ICT in their teaching practice (Hatlevik, 2016; Krumsvik, 2011). However, previous studies indicate that formal teaching competence alone is not a sufficient factor for pupils learning as other individual and contextual factors are also influential (Gustafsson, 2003; Hattie, 2008). Then again, some individual characteristics seem to be more vital than others for good teaching practice; in particular, teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching is considered a key issue (Bandura, 1997; Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2007). Thus, identifying factors that can influence teachers’ self-efficacy in using ICT in their teaching practice, is therefore an important subject to investigate.

Bandura’s (1997) concept of ‘self-efficacy refers to a belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce
given attainments’ (p. 3). Teachers’ computer self-efficacy for instructional purposes describes the self-confidence teachers have when it comes to using ICT in their own teaching and instruction (Krumsvik, 2014). Krumsvik (2011) distinguishes between being confident about using ICT on your own, and using ICT for didactical purposes. Scherer and Siddiq (2015) also reported that computer self-efficacy in basic and advanced ICT operational and collaborative skills, and self-efficacy in using computers for instructional purposes is highly correlated, but separate constructs. Indicating that teachers’ general perception of own ICT-skills is a necessary, but not a sufficient determinant for self-efficacy in using computers for instructional purposes. Which make sense, you need to be competent in a skill yourselves in order to be able to incorporate it in your own instruction of others. Furthermore, Caspersen and Raaen (2014) identified collegial and superior support as influential on teachers’ perceived mastery of teaching. Caspersen’s and Raaen’s findings indicate that contextual factors like collegial cooperation and support and facilitation for using ICT in teaching by the school management, positively influence teachers computer self-efficacy for instructional purposes.

Previous studies have focused on the impact of one or two variables on either teachers' self-efficacy in teaching or on their teaching practice. Thus, there is a need for knowledge about how different variables interact and determine the relative association and the possible mediating associations of teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching on their teaching practice. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy in using ICT for instructional purposes, ICT use in classroom instruction, general ICT self-efficacy, collegial support and cooperation for using ICT in classroom, and lack of facilitation for using ICT in teaching by the school management. Seven hypotheses, about the relationship between these variables, were developed from the research literature.

H1.      Teachers’general ICT self-efficacy has a positive association with their ICT self-efficacy for instructional purposes.

H2.      Teachers’general ICT self-efficacy has a positive association with their use of ICT in teaching practice.

H3.      Collegial support and cooperation for using ICT in classroom has a positive association with teachers’ ICT self-efficacy for instructional purposes.

H4.      Collegial support and cooperation  for using ICT in classroom has a positive association with teachers’ use of ICT in teaching practice.

H5.      Lack of facilitation for using ICT in teaching by the school management has a negative association with teachers’ ICT self-efficacy for instructional purposes.

H6.      Lack of facilitation for using ICT in teaching by the school management has a negative association with teachers’ use of ICT in teaching practice.

H7.      Teachers’ ICT self-efficacy for instructional purposes has a positive association with teachers’ use of ICT in teaching practice.

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