At the end of the 19th century, the ideological orientation between teachers was given a comparable European image of the variety of Catholic, liberal and even social-democratic teachers. Especially important were also linguistic issues (especially Slovene-German). The article explores how these directions have been shaped in the form of societies and newspapers, and analyzes how the attitude towards those who thought differently and their inclusion / exclusion was reflected in school political and pedagogical topics.

Since the end of the 19th century, the liberal political orientation prevailed among Slovene teachers, while Catholic-oriented teachers were in minority, most numerous in Carniola (in central Slovenia). Majority of the population was rural and supported political Catholicism. Very rare teachers were oriented social-democratic. Since 1896, for few years we can only speak about the "social-democratic episode" between Slovenian teachers, especially in the lower Styria. Teachers sympathized with socialism because of their poor material status.

The paper shows how the changes after the elections in 1908 replaced the regional political authority (the provincial government, Carniolan provincial assembly in Ljubljana). Instead of the coalition of German powerful landowners and Slovenian liberals, which has been decisive for many years, the authority in the central Slovene country was taken over by the Catholic party. The paper presents how the leading position of liberal teachers, which was replaced by the better position of Catholic-oriented teachers, changed in the new political reality, and how those who thought differently were accepted.  Although most of the teachers were liberal-oriented, after the victory of the Catholic party, the number of members of the Catholic Teachers' Organization increased. In the integration / exclusion of teachers the issue of language of instruction and private school societies which maintained schools of different language orientations (Italian, German, Slovenian, Croatian) was also important.

Another form of integration was the geographical association of teachers in Slovene as well as Slavic-speaking countries which can be followed through the places of teachers’ assemblies (from the international port of Trieste or the main military port of Pula to cities that also had an important part of German-speaking population (Maribor, Celje) and the integration of all Slavic teachers in the Monarchy, especially those in Istria and Dalmatia.

The article will also draw attention to the inclusion of female teachers in school work, which has successfully brought the general literacy of Slovenes. Attention is drawn to the attitude towards the inclusion of children with special needs (courses and lessons for the deaf, the blind).  The question is also how Slovenian pedagogical journals included pedagogical ideas from the South German territory and, of course, specifically from Vienna, and what the considerations of inclusion / exclusion during the First World War were. At the end of 1918, Slovene lands were included in the new state framework of four countries: the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Italy, Austria and Hungary. The school situation of Slovenes was very different.

The paper compares the writing of the Catholic pedagogical journal Slovenski učitelj/Slovenian Teacher and the liberal-oriented Učiteljski tovariš/Teachers' Commrade in the last two decades of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In addition to the pedagogical press, we also take into account the preserved archives of societies (Association of Slovene Teachers' Societies / Association of Austrian Yugoslav Teachers' Societies) and with special attention we follow the position of teachers and the inclusion / exclusion of those who thought differently in the geographical, political or pedagogical field. In particular, we take into account the inclusion / exclusion of special features of the period of the First World War. The European framework represents a multinational Monarchy, as in other parts of Europe, various conceptual orientations and education in several languages.

Questions of Inclusion & Exclusion (political view) - Analysis of position of Catholic and Liberal orientation teachers in central Slovenia at the end of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in last 20 years

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