Session Information
33 SES 09 A, Schools and Online Communities as Spaces for Addressing Gender and Sexuality Diversity
Paper Session
Contribution
Teen dating violence is a complex and multifaceted problem. This violence has been defined as that in which acts that hurt the other person occur, in the context of a relationship in which there is attraction and in which the two members of the couple date to go out together (Close, 2005). Although for some authors this type of violence has a structure similar to partner violence in adults, it presents certain peculiarities related both to the relationship (there is no cohabitation, absence of children, economic independence) and to the dynamics of violence (bidirectionality and reciprocity) (Borges & Dell'Aglio, 2017 ; López-Cepero et al., 2015; Rubio-Garay et al., 2017).
The studies on partner violence have focused mainly on couples made up of both binary sexes and where their sexual orientation was defined as heterosexual (Díaz & Nuñez, 2015). Intragender violence occurs between people of the LGTBI collective and can be defined as the violent behavior or attitude of one of the members towards their partner of the same gender (Tomás Cánovas, 2019). For their part, Rodríguez et al., (2015) point out that in couples in which a member belongs to the transsexual, transgender or intersex group, violent behaviors are an exercise of power by the "normative" member in order to dominate, control, coerce and/or isolate the victim, as happens in heteronormative couples. That is, the difference with intragender violence lies in the absence of sexist or patriarchal reasons, although the purpose is the same, to exercise domination and control over a member of the couple.
Another important point to note is that the difficulty of identifying an unhealthy relationship by the partner is attributed to the invisibility of intra-gender violence itself in society and the lack of information to be able to recognize this type of violence (Janice Ristock, 2005). Along the same lines, the Yogyakarta Principles identified the key role that educational methods and resources play in increasing understanding and respect for the diversity of gender identities and expressions, including the particular needs of those who receive it and their families (Commission Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2020).
The prevalence of violence among adolescents, both in the case of the violence committed and in the scale of violence suffered, several types are distinguished: verbal-emotional (insults, humiliation, threats, depreciation, false accusations, ridicule, etc.), violence physical (acts of physical force and other restrictions aimed at causing pain), sexual violence (forced sexual relations, abuse, the use of sex as a form of pressure and manipulation), cyber violence (control of the partner's mobile phone, harassment with continuous messages , knowing where that person is, what they are doing and who they are with, spying on their activity on social networks or with their phone, etc.). Since new technologies have been used to exercise violence (Borrajo & Gamez-Guadix, 2018). Violence through NICTs includes violent behavior through electronic media, mainly mobile phones and the Internet (Ocampo Botello et al., 2015).
The objective of this study is to determine if gender identity influences the violence suffered or exercised in adolescent dating relationships. Also, know the types of violence are more prevalent based on the gender identity of the person who suffers and exercises it and on sexual orientation.
For this reason, the approach of the null hypothesis was: the three groups with different gender identities (non-binary) are equal depending on the types of violence that are analyzed. The alternative hypothesis being: At least one of the groups is not identical depending on the types of violence that are analyzed. With a significance level of 5% (0.05).
Method
1. DesignThis research work is quantitative, descriptive and exploratory in nature. Research with a quantitative approach offers the possibility of collecting data that can later be evaluated to know the psychometric aspects that are intended to be measured by means of data collection instruments, and with this to be able to establish some generalizations of the population from which they were extracted (Ocampo BotellO et al., 2015). 2. Sample The selection of the sample was intentional and not probabilistic. The sample was filtered based on the gender identity of the respondents. From the sample n= 2120, a sample was obtained that was made up of 28 subjects of non-binary gender identity and self-identified as Fluid or non-conforming gender (N= 14), male transsexuals (N=10) and female transsexuals (N=4). The minimum age of the respondents is 13 and the maximum is 21, with an average of 15.61 years. The nationality of the parents of the adolescents, 50% (n=14) is of Spanish origin, 25% (n=7) from Morocco, 7.1% (n=2) is from Romania, 3.6% (n=1) from Bolivia, Peru 3.6% (n=1), England 3.6% (n=1), Uruguay 7.1% (n=2). Relating the nationality of the parents with the gender identity of the participants, the 64.3% declared as fluid gender is from Spain, Morocco and Uruguay share the same percentage, 14.3% and in last place is Bolivia with 7,1%. For male transsexuals, the highest percentage is of Moroccan origin (40%), 30% is from Spain, with Romania, Peru and England sharing third place with 10% each. Finally, the female transsexuals, the origin of 50% is from Spain, and with the same percentage (25%) are Morocco and Romania. 3. Instrument For the data collection, a questionnaire divided into sections that included indicators related to age, nationality of the parents, gender identity, sexual orientation, the experience of violence in a sentimental relationship, as a victim and as a perpetrator, was used. 4. Procedure In this research, the data was collected through printed surveys, which were administered to the participants in the classrooms of the Secondary Education centers. A trained member of the research team provided instructions for completing the questionnaires and was available to answer any questions. Subsequently, they were captured in the statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics 27, to later proceed to the data analysis.
Expected Outcomes
The 48% have declared themselves to be bisexual, 20% are heterosexual, 16% do not know it, 12% are homosexual and 4% consider themselves something different from the above. On the other hand, 50% self-identify as gender fluid or non-conforming, 35.7% as male transsexuals and 14.3% consider themselves to be female transsexuals. To respond to the approaches of this study, the statistical test that was used was the Kruskal Wallis H, which is a test applicable to situations in which there are free distributions, this test is used when you want to analyze the degree of association or independence between a quantitative variable and a categorical variable that integrates more than two groups. In order to verify the established hypothesis and thereby analyze the relationship between the types of violence and the gender identity of the respondents, which was the objective of this research; the data analysis of the values obtained in the factors: victim of social cyberviolence (1), victim of social cyberviolence (2), victim of emotional violence 1(3), victim of physical violence (4), victim of sexual violence (5), victim of emotional violence 2(6), perpetration of cyberviolence-total(7) and victim of cyberviolence-total (8), it is observed that these are higher than the established level of significance (5%), which indicates that the null hypothesis is accepted. In this sense, it can be confirmed that no significant differences have been found that relate the types of violence suffered or exercised and gender identity. In this study, there are no significant differences to cyber-violence against a partner between the different gender identities.However, the commission or suffering of acts of cyberviolence is greater for the group of male transsexuals. For effectiveness of violence prevention programs in adolescent couples in educational centers has to take into account gender differences and ethnic-racial and cultural patterns.
References
Borges, J.L. & Dell'Aglio, D.D. (2017). Aspectos teórico-metodológicos de la investigación sobre la violencia en las relaciones de pareja adolescentes. En D.D. Dell'Aglio & S.H. Koller (Eds.), Niños y jóvenes vulnerables en Brasil: Enfoques innovadores desde la psicología del desarrollo social (pp. 41-54). Springer International Publishing Borrajo, E., & Gamez-Guadix, M. (2016). Cyber dating abuse: Its link to depression, anxiety and dyadic adjustment. Psicología Conductual, 24(2), 221-235. Close, S.M. (2005). Dating violence prevention in middle school and highschool youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing,18 (1), 2-9 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00003.x ComisiónInteramericanalde DerechosHumanos, [CIDH], 2020). InformesobrePersonasTransy deGénero Diversoysusderechos económicos,sociales, culturalesyambientales. https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/PersonasTransDESCA-es.pdf Díaz, J. & Núñez, J. (2015). Violencia al interior de parejas de la diversidad sexual (LGBTI). Liminales. Escritos sobre psicología y sociedad, 1(7), 43-63. López-Cepero, J., Rodríguez, L., Rodríguez, F. J., Bringas, C. &, Paíno, S. G. (2015). Percepción de la victimización en el noviazgo de adolescentes y jóvenes españoles. Revista iberoamericana de psicología y salud, 6(2), 64-71. Ocampo Botello, F., De Luna Caballero, R. & , Pérez Vera, M.G. (2015). Relación entre violencia y semestre en estudiantes de ISC. RIDE Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo, 6 (11). Ristock, J., & Timbang, N. (2005). Relationship violence in lesbian/gay/ bisexual/transgender/ queer [LGBTQ] communities: Moving beyond a gender-based framework. Violence Against Women Online Resources. https://vawnet.org/material/relationship-violence-lesbiangaybisex ualtransgenderqueer-lgbtq-communities-moving-beyond Rodríguez, LM., Carrera, M., Lameiras, M. &, Rodríguez, Y. (2015). Violencia en parejas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales: una revisión bibliográfica. Saúde Soc. São Paulo, 24(3,) 914-935. Rubio-Garay, F. , López-González, M.Á., Carrasco, M.Á., & Amor, PJ (2017). Prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo: una revisión sistemática. Papeles del Psicólogo, 38, 135-147. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2831 Tomás Cánovas, L., Moral de Calatrava, P. &, Canteras Jordana, M. (2018). Violencia de género dentro de las diferentes orientaciones sexuales en España. Enfermería Global,18, 1 (, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.18.1.310471.
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