We submit a research carried out to know the development of the curriculum in the ESO and to identify the factors which influence the quality of the teaching processes. Carried out during two years, it combines some methodological approaches: analysis of samples, case studies an a forum debate. The most outstanding conclusions refer to: ¤ Significant differences among the agents when assessing the extension of compulsory education. ¤ Dissatisfaction due to the impossibility of the school to fulfil the needs of those who have difficulties. ¤ Widespread opinion that the educational level has decreased. ¤ Diversity has not meant substantial changes in the curriculum or in the pedagogy. ¤ Crisis of professional identity within teachers. ¤ Inappropriate training of teachers. ¤ Lack of means and support strategies to face the changes. At present, the conservative Government is preparing a Law of Quality which puts comprehensiveness at a risk. Deciding the future of the ESO without thoroughly analysing the present difficulties and alternatives would be a serious pedagogical error and a political irresponsibility. We are risking our future.