The study examines the pedagogical content knowledge of history teachers. The research focuses on the teachers' ability to identify their pupils' learning difficulties and the ways to help them in learning. Observation of lessons and the teachers' practice provided the data for qualitative analysis of the findings. The study is grounded in the theoretical framework of the Knowledge Base for Teaching Model, proposed by Shulman [1987]. The research focuses on the description of one aspect of knowledge included in the model - pedagogical content knowledge. Shulman [1986] has presented the concept of "pedagogical content knowledge" within a classification of subject areas of teachers' professional knowledge. It includes: "content knowledge", "curricular knowledge" (knowledge of teaching resources and the curriculum), "pedagogical knowledge" (knowledge, which is not related to the subject), and "pedagogical content knowledge (knowledge regarding the didactic preparation of the subject matter) [Bromme, 1995: 208]. Although subject matter knowledge and general pedagogical knowledge constitute central aspect of the knowledge necessary for teaching, teachers also hold more particular knowledge - pedagogical content knowledge. As Shulman [1987] said the concept of pedagogical content knowledge refers to teachers' interpretations and transformations of subject matter knowledge in the context of facilitating student learning. Thus, pedagogical content knowledge includes conceptions about what it means to teach specific subject matter, knowledge of curricular materials available in a content area, knowledge of instructional strategies for teaching particular subject matter, and knowledge of students' understanding and possible misconception in a subject area [Grossman, 1989; 192]. In the study I analyze one of the components of pedagogical content knowledge, the one, which relates to knowledge about learners and learning processes. The focus is on the exploration of the teachers' ability to identify pupils' learning difficulties and the ways of help them in learning.