Conference:
ECER 2005
Format:
Paper
Session Information
Contribution
The intention of this presentation is to propose an association methods, which reveals a difference of concept between cultures. When the association method is used as an evaluation of a lesson, it will reveal conceptual changes in a pupil as a whole, as a result of the lesson. A free association test is made in 30 seconds for each stimulus word. Response words are calculated information- theoretically and made into a visible association map. An association map clarifies a consciousness of a concept within a group. In different cultural groups the concept of for example is different. This topic is a kind of taboo especially in modern society and in school education, but it is reflected in the way of living of pupils. Effectiveness of association method will be shown in this proposal with hidden the consciousness of the topic between German students (Osnabrueck and Leipzig, 89 testees in 2003), Chinese students (Wuhan, 50 testees in 2004) and Japanese students (Nagaski, 89 testees in 2002). The stimulus word has almost the same spread range of response words, because the entropy of the word in each country is almost the same (by German students 6.746, Chinese students 6.675 and by Japanese students 6.71). For Chinese and Japanese students feel rather 'fearfulness' (24.9% per testee in China and 25.8% in Japan), in comparison with German students, who rather feel 'sorrow' (51.7% of testee) than 'fearfulness' (18.0%). By a categorical analysis German students recall more about "ceremony" (20.0% of response words) of death, while Chinese and Japanese students recall ceremony as 2.8% and 2.6% of all the response words (p<.01). "Explanation" about death is more prominent in Chinese and German students than Japanese students (p<.01). Japanese students recall rather "cause" of death than German students and Chinese students (p<.01 and p<.05). The most frequently responded "cause" of death by Japanese students is 'suicide' (20.2% of testee), which suggests to the author that the situation of education is not healthy. Chinese students recall "other world" after death less than Japanese students and German students (p<.05 and p<.10) but the 3 equally are reminded of 'heaven' and 'hell'. The Percentages of metempsychosis of response words are equal in 3 countries, in spite of the difference of religious background (in German students 1.0%, Chinese students 1.4% and Japanese students 1.0%). A free association test reveals differences of a stimulus concept on 3 levels: (1) level of structure of a concept, (2) level of feeling aroused by a concept, and (3) level of difference between other cultural groups. An association map of a word, which I show by presentation, gives results of association in numericall and visible form. An Association map is an easy way to see results in a group. When the method of association test and association map is used in the case of a lesson, it shows the conceptual change in pupils as a result of a lesson as a whole: as a whole in class members, and as a whole not only in thinking but also feelings of a stimulus word. The association map before the lesson shows the readiness of the pupils, and the association map after the lesson shows what has happened between pupils during the lesson. Numerical and visible evaluation, including difference of feelings and constructional differences about a concept in comparison with cultures, and in realizing the results of a lesson is easy to use and epoch-making.
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