Ethical Dilemmas and Their Influence on the Beginning Teachers’ Professional Development
Author(s):
Joanna Madalinska-Michalak (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

01 SES 08 B, Ethical Dilemmas and Workplace Bullying

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-04
09:00-10:30
Room:
B033 Anfiteatro
Chair:
Sara Bubb

Contribution

The paper deals with the issues concerning teachers' experiences gained in such professional situations which require making a difficult choice between at least two different possibilities and force them to face various ethical dilemmas. Understanding the essence of ethical dilemmas is possible in the context of discovering their sources, which primarily consist in conflicts of values occurring in such situations which are ambiguous in character (Madalińska-Michalak, 2013).Ethical dilemmas can be perceived as such situations which are assumed to offer no correct decisions, but only decisions which can be considered carefully and be no more than only better than other alternative decisions. Facing such dilemmas means that one has to make choices from a group of mutually excluding alternatives, none of which is satisfactory. Solving dilemmas is often accompanied by mixed feelings, i.e. positive and negative ones side by side. In the paper, taking into account the uniqueness of teachers' pedagogical actions, I assume that teacher's educational practice is not free from a sense of risk of committing an ethical error. However, the key issue for me does not concern posing questions about criteria with which to assess the maturity of teacher's judgements, but considering ethical choices made by teachers I am mainly concerned on the identification of influences that these dilemmas revealed, their influences on the teachers' professional development. In the paper I make attempts at answering the following questions: What kind of ethical dilemmas do teachers face in their work? How do teachers "cope with strains" of their role resulting from the situations fraught with various conflicts of values in their work? How do teachers perceive the influences of facing the ethical dilemmas in their work on their professional growth?

In the presented research a special attention is paid to the beginning teachers. There is voluminous literature on the initial professional life phase of the teacher's career. Over the last three decades, research has been carried out in order to illuminate the process and the nature of becoming a new teacher (see, for instance, Bezzina, Michalak, 2005; Bullogh, Knowles, Crow, 1992; Calderhead, Shorrock, 1997; Day and Gu, 2010; Flores and Day, 2006; Goddard and Foster, 2001; Hargreaves and Jacka, 1995; Huberman, 1993;Kelthermans and Ballet, 2002; Olson and Osborne, 1991; Sikers, Measor, Woods, 1985; Tickle, 2000; Vonk and Schras, 1987, Weiss, 1999). Beginning teachers compared with their more experienced colleagues often find themselves immersed in complex social relations and sophisticated professional roles inherent within established school communities, whilst at the same time searching for making sense of their own experiences and understanding what it means to be a teacher (Day and Gu, 2010, p. 66). The literature shows us that beginning teachers’ professional experiences (and tensions) can be crucial in their professional development growth, in forming their identity, their understanding and practice of teaching. Thus, it is important to understand new teachers’ experiences at the one of the first phase of their professional lives through the lenses of the ethical dilemmas they face in their work in order to gain the knowledge in the conditions that are favorable for beginning teachers’ professional growth.

Method

The subject of the study is connected with professional experiences of the research participants, including the ways in which they perceive difficult situations at work, the decisions they take to resolve them and the influences of these decisions on their work and in consequences on their professional development. The current study has been based on the preliminary study with 30 teachers – the findings of preliminary study were presented during the ECER 2013 conference (Madalińska-Michalak, 2013). In this study (2012-2013), 84 beginning primary teachers, who work in schools situated in Warsaw, Cracow and Lodz, three – taking into account the population − the largest cities in Poland, have taken part. In this study, not only I looked at different kinds of ethical dilemmas do teachers face in their work, but first of all, I have been interested in how teachers “cope with strains” of their role resulting from the situations fraught with various conflicts of values in their work and how teachers perceive the influences of facing the ethical dilemmas in their work on their professional growth. I used the relational method of reading and interpreting written reports on teachers' personal experiences concerning ethical dilemmas which teachers faced (Brown, Depold, Tappan, Gilligan, 1991) and their influences on the teachers’ professional development.

Expected Outcomes

The analysis of the collected material allowed delving into the situations of teachers' moral choices and their own actions, as well as interpreting and understanding moral exercises of others. As the research indicates, the identified ethical dilemmas mainly concerned interpersonal relations.. Facing the necessity of taking a decision, the teachers had different choices at their disposal, which contributed their content and meaning to searching for an answer to the question about what to do and which decision to take. The research shows how the teachers can sometimes day in day out deal with the challenges which school life confronts them with. While dealing with them, in most cases they value honesty and skilful open talk about emerging problems over professional conformity. On the basis of research findings one can state that new teachers go through a process of revising and challenging their own (ideal) beliefs and (real) practices as they are confronted by the complexity of their job and their role as teachers, with implications for the trans-formation of professional identity. The considerations over beginning teachers’ ethical dilemmas and understanding beginning teachers’ professional life progression requires examination of the multiple contexts in which teachers work and live, and influences of the critical situations on the character and quality of their work. Therefore, the interviewees' actions must be perceived in relation to the cultures in their schools, which to a large extent depend on the actions of principals. Some of the situations presented by the participants in my research and some of the justifications for their solutions draw the attention to the relations of power and to the climate of trust in Polish schools.

References

Bezzina C. and Michalak J. M. (2005), Teachers’ Induction and Ongoing Professional Development. Beginning Teachers’ Perceptions of their Preparation and Professional Development in Malta and Poland, Edukacja, 1(89), 87-106. Brown L. M., Depold E., Tappan M., Gilligan C. (1991), Reading narratives of conflict and choice for self and moral voices: a relational method. In W. M. Kurtines, J. L. Gewirtz (eds.) Handbook of Moral Behaviour and Development. Vol. 2: Research, Hillsdale Lawrence Earlbaum, pp. 139-169. Bullough, R.; Knowles, J., Crow, N. (1992). Emerging as a Teachers, London. Calderhead, J. and Shorrock, S. (1997). Understanding Teacher Education. Case studies in the professional development of beginning teachers, London. Day, C. and Gu, Q. (2010), The New Lives of Teachers, New York. Flores, M. A. and Day, C. (2006). Contexts which Shape and Reshape New Teachers’ Identities: A Multi-perspective Study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22 (2), 219-232. Goddard, J. T., Foster, R. Y. (2001). The experiences of neophyte teachers: a critical constructivist assessment, Teaching and Teacher Education, 17 (3), 349-365. Hargreaves, A. and Jacka, N. (1995). Induction or Seduction? Postmodern Patterns of Preparing to Teach, Peabody Journal of Education, 70 (3), 41-63. Huberman, M. (1993). The Lives of Teachers, London. Kelchtermans, G., Ballet, K. (2002). The Micropolitics of Teacher Induction. A narrative-biographical study on teacher socialization. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(1), 105-120. Madalińska-Michalak, J. (2013). Teachers’ Ethical Dilemmas. Paper presented at the Annual EERA conference – ECER 2013 “Creativity and Innovation in Educational Research”, Istanbul, Turkey, 10-13 September. Olson, M. R., Osborne, J. W. (1991). Learning to teach: The first year, Teaching and Teacher Education, 7(4), 331-343. Patton M. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, Newbury Park, CA. Sikes P., Measor L., Woods P., 1985, Teacher Careers: Crises and Continuities, London, Philadelphia. Tickle, L. (2000). Teacher Induction: The Way Ahead, Buckingham. Tirri K., Husu J. (2002), Care and responsibility in ‘the best interest of the child’: relational voices of ethical dilemmas in teaching, "Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice”, 8 (1), 65-80. Vonk, J. H. C., Schras, G. A. (1987). From Beginning to Experienced Teacher: A Study of the Professional Development of Teachers during their First Four Years of Service. European Journal of Teacher Education, 10(1), 95-110. Weiss, E. M. (1999). Perceived workplace conditions and first-year teachers’ morale, career choice commitment, and planned retention: a secondary analysis, Teaching and Teacher Education, 15(8), 861-879.

Author Information

Joanna Madalinska-Michalak (presenting / submitting)
University of Lodz
Faculty of Educational Studies
Lodz

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