The Portfolio – a Reflective Strategy for Teachers’ Lifelong Development and Evaluation
Author(s):
Maria João Amaral (presenting / submitting) Isabel Alarcão
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

01 SES 04 B, Professional Learning

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-03
09:00-10:30
Room:
B033 Anfiteatro
Chair:
Jenny Reeves

Contribution

®     This paper presents a research project on the use of portfolio in the process of teacher professional development. It was developed in a Portuguese higher school of education. The participants were differently aged teachers enrolled in a course on supervision as part of a two year in-service teacher education program that aimed at acquiring a higher academic degree entitling them to perform supervisory roles in schools. The writing of a teacher development portfolio was one of the requirements of the course since the portfolio as a formative and evaluative strategy in teacher education is becoming a common strategy in European countries (ex.: Germany; EDIPED Comenius project) (Imhof & Picard, 2009; Makrides, 2006). At the end of the four course units, when one of the authors analysed the ninety-four portfolios she could perceive that the findings some researchers had achieved about the use of portfolios among novice teachers might also be true for older and more experienced ones she had been working with. It was then considered interesting to make it a case to study.  The project evolved around a general research question - What advantages would the teachers involved in the in-service teacher education program take from the use of reflective portfolios? The answer to this question would tentatively be achieved through a content analysis of the portfolios and the responses to the following more focused research questions inspired in the questionnaire teachers had taken at the end of each semester: What are the professional developmental dimensions that emerge from the reflective portfolios and the questionnaires? How did the portfolio writing contribute to the development of each author’s professional competence and personality? What influence did that professional and personal development have in their freedom to structure and write the portfolios? What importance did each author ascribe to the use of this strategy in the teacher education program and the assessment they had gone through? Which structuring aspects of the writing process should be privileged in the professional and personal life-long development of teachers? Then, the following research objectives were defined: to analyse the developing power of the reflective portfolios in that in-service teacher training program; to identify self-revealing characteristics in the identities of the portfolio authors; detect promising changes in their professional and personal dimensions and in their supervisory competences; analyse how far the revelation and/or awareness of those changes contributed to their own growth and the (re)structuring of their professional knowledge and competences; consider the possible advantages, disadvantages and difficulties encountered in the use of portfolios in that specific context; suggest ways of using and structuring the portfolios as a life-long reflective, professional and evaluative strategy.

Using portfolios with this group of teachers was inspired by the emerging literature about portfolios in Portugal (Sá-Chaves, 2000, 2005) and the advantages autobiographical narratives have in teachers’ development and identity awareness (Dinham & Scott, 2003; Lyons, 1998; Shulman, 1998; Vieira, 2008). We assumed that to write autobiographical professional narratives teachers need some structuring guidelines (Amaral, 2011). As van der Schaaf and Stokking (2008) state, a portfolio “can do justice to the fact that teaching is a complex activity and teacher’s behaviours are bound up with teacher cognitive and teaching context”. Getting to know one’s own professional knowledge, supervision context, and personality is important for them as supervisors and for their schools administrative boards. The portfolio contributes to this awareness which is vital for the teachers’ assessment process. So, the portfolio can be a privileged assessment tool if a dialogical context is guaranteed in order to permit the evidence to be checked (Mittendorff et al, 2008; Moreira, 2011; Vieira & Moreira, 2011).

Method

As a research methodology we chose a case study in so far it allows us to understand people’s experiences and the meaning they ascribe to them by analysing the way they describe them (Bogdan & Biklen, 1994). Besides it is ‘an empirical investigation that is defined by interest in a specific phenomenon [the consequences of the portfolio writing] within its real life context [the in-service teacher education program in supervision]. Moreover, it is a qualitative form of inquiry that relies on multiple sources of information [questionnaires, portfolios, and in-class oral presentation]’ (Anderson & Arsenault, 1998, p.249). Even though the teacher training program had been similarly structured and the portfolio writing instructions had been the same for each class, each portfolio was a unique piece of writing showing evidence of particular processes of teacher development. So, we approached it as a multiple case study. We selected 8 portfolios out of 64 whose authors had authorised its use in the research project and that followed the agreed structure for its writing. After defining the corpus for our research we started to reanalyse the data conveyed by all our sources of information in order to build the Portfolio Analytical Tool. We defined two categories: the person that emerged from the portfolio and his/her reflective competence. The first category was divided into two subcategories: the conceptual knowledge dimension, including the data related to each teacher’s theoretical and practical knowledge about reflection and supervision; the social affective dimension comprehending the units associated with their attitudes, feelings, values, and beliefs. The reflective competence was subdivided into three subcategories, corresponding to three levels of reflection – transformative, interpretative, and reproductive. We understand the transformative orientation to be the one showing how the portfolio author analyses, questions, confronts himself/herself and others, and suggests changes based on theoretical statements about supervisory roles and contexts. The interpretative orientation label would comprise the discourse units supported by the theories they had encountered during the training program adapting them to their own experiences and situations. Finally, the reproductive orientation didn’t actually mean much reflection beyond the act of selecting texts to be copied into the portfolio as they wrote about the supervision classes’ topics. That analysis, data collection, and categorization gave us a structured view on each portfolio writer’s conceptual and social-affective growth, as well as the consciousness they had achieved of their supervisory competences.

Expected Outcomes

By the end of our research project we could conclude that the portfolio authors grew as professionals, because they deepened their reflective competence, developed their knowledge about supervision and consequently the necessary competences to be used in their school contexts. They focused their reflections on the various contexts of supervision in their schools and they extended their knowledge on the following topics: teacher education theories and practices; supervision of a school as an organization or ‘learning community’; life-long teacher education; humanistic supervision; dialogical supervision; ecologically situated supervision; differentiated supervision; ‘traditional’ supervision (novice teachers’ training); and supervisory styles and contexts. They also developed two kinds of supervisory competences: the competences the teachers already possessed and used or had become aware of through the portfolio – competences in use; and the competences for further use – the ones the recent legislation expected them to possess to be able to perform the roles the new academic degree would entitle them to: their involvement in the school administrative boards; their becoming heads of department or class tutors; supervising and evaluating other teachers; and creating the necessary conditions for the school to become a reflective and developmental organization itself. Our portfolio project had allowed both the teachers and the teacher educator to identify the teachers’ competences which allow us to suggest the use of portfolios as an on-going assessment tool, provided the previously referred dialogue is kept between evaluators and teachers, as the Portuguese legislation about teachers’ performance assessment proposes (Vieira & Moreira, 2011). To minimise the portfolio assessment subjectivity and facilitate evaluators’ role portfolios should have a comparable structure (van der Schaaf & Stokking, 2008; Amaral, 2011) that, however, should not hinder individual creativity and freedom. Besides, assessment criteria should be known and discussed by teachers and evaluators.

References

Amaral, M.J. (2011). Contributo dos ‘portfolios reflexivos’ no desenvolvimento profissional. Um estudo de caso em contexto de formação complementar. Univ. Aveiro– Tese de doutoramento. Anderson, G. & Arsenault, N. (1998). Fundamentals of Educational Research. Routledge Falmer: Taylor & Francis Inc. Bogden, R. & Biklen (1994). Investigação Qualitativa em Educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto: Porto Editora, Colecção Ciências da Educação, n.º 12. Dinham, S. & Scott, C. (2003). Benefits to Teachers of the Professional Learning Portfolio: a case study University of New England, Armidale, Australia. Teacher Development, Volume 7, Number 2, 2003, pp.229-243. Lyons, N. (1998) (ed.). With Portfolio in Hand: validating the new teacher professionalism. New York: Teachers College Press. Makrides, G. (2006). The European Digital Portfolio for Educators. In: http://www.eife-l.org/publications/eportfolio/proceedings2/ep06/ ep2006_papers/makrides Mittendorff, K.; Jochems, W.; Meijers, F. & den Brok, P. (2008). Differences and similarities in the use of the portfolio and personal development plan for career guidance in various vocational schools in The Netherlands. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 60 (1), pp. 75-91. Moreira, M. A. (2011) (org.). Narrativas dialogadas na investigação, formação e supervisão de professores. Mangualde: Pedago. Sá-Chaves, I. (2000) (org.). Portfolios Reflexivos: Estratégia de Formação e de Supervisão. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro, Cadernos Didácticos Série Supervisão, n.º 1. Sá-Chaves, I. (2005) (org.). Os “Portfolios” Reflexivos (também) Trazem Gente Dentro: reflexões em torno do seu uso na humanização dos processos educativos. Porto: Porto Editora, Colecção CIDInE, n.º 17. Shulman, L. (1998). Teaching Portfolios. In N. Lyons (1998) (ed.). With Portfolio in Hand: validating the new teacher professionalism. New York: Teachers College Press, pp.23-37. Van der Schaaf, M.F. & Stokking, K.M. (2008). Developing and validating a design for teacher portfolio assessment. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 33(3), pp. 245-262. Vieira, F. & Moreira, M.A. (2011). Supervisão e avaliação do desempenho docente: Para uma abordagem de orientação transformadora. Ministério da Educação: CCAP – Caderno 1. Vieira, F. (2008). Portfolios as experience-oriented learning texts. Actas de ICET 3rd World Assembly. Braga: Univ. Minho.

Author Information

Maria João Amaral (presenting / submitting)
Universidade Lusófona - Porto
Instituto de Educação
Lamego
Universidade de Aveiro - Aveiro, Portugal, CIDInE, CIDTFF

Update Modus of this Database

The current conference programme can be browsed in the conference management system (conftool) and, closer to the conference, in the conference app.
This database will be updated with the conference data after ECER. 

Search the ECER Programme

  • Search for keywords and phrases in "Text Search"
  • Restrict in which part of the abstracts to search in "Where to search"
  • Search for authors and in the respective field.
  • For planning your conference attendance, please use the conference app, which will be issued some weeks before the conference and the conference agenda provided in conftool.
  • If you are a session chair, best look up your chairing duties in the conference system (Conftool) or the app.