Student Teachers’ Storying their Identity in Practice: A Content Analysis.
Author(s):
Conference:
ECER 2014
Format:
Paper

Session Information

10 SES 08 A, Teacher Education: Motivation and Identities

Paper Session

Time:
2014-09-04
09:00-10:30
Room:
B217 Sala de Aulas
Chair:
Judith Harford

Contribution

The research question of this paper is to investigate how student teachers story their own professional identity through interactions with video evidence of their own practice? The objectives for the research question are as follows:

  • How do the student teachers story/his/her self as a teacher after while his/her video of practice?
  • What metaphors do the student teachers employ to aid their stories?
  • What influences if any emerge from their stories?

Becoming a teacher is a complex and dynamic process where professional self-image is balanced with a variety of roles that teachers feel they have to play (Sugrue, 2008; Volkman and Anderson, 1998). The understanding of the formation of a teacher’s identity has been highlighted in research over the past decade (Beijaard, et al., 2000 and 2004; Brown, 2004; Danielewicz, 2001; Freese, 2006; Korthagen et al., 2001; Olsen, 2008; Sachs, 2005). Issues which have arisen from research include the interplay between different and sometimes conflicting perspectives, prior beliefs and practices as a teacher self develops (Calderhead and Shorrock, 1997; Flores, 2001; Hauge, 2000; Sugrue, 2008). The process of becoming a teacher is seen as constructing an identity. Wenger (1998, p.4) views learning as a social undertaking which involves the practice of forging an identity relevant to the established norms of that community and successfully enacting this identity to retain membership.

This paper aligns with Rodgers and Scott’s (2008) four main assumptions regarding the process of identity-making: (1) identity is formed within multiple contexts which bring social, cultural, political and historical forces to bear upon that formation, (2) identity is formed in relationship with others and involves emotions, (3) identity is shifting, unstable, and multiple and (4) identity involves the construction and reconstruction of meaning through stories over time. Stryker (1980) believes that a self’s identity is a projection of the different positions and relationships one holds in society. A position in this case could be a teacher or a husband. Therefore and of high importance to this study, the self as a teacher is an identity, as is the self as any other innumerable possibilities corresponding to the various roles one may play, such as a brother, boyfriend or a male.

Student teachers’ stories offer a researcher an understanding of how the teachers interpret and give meaning to practice and come to terms with the interplay of self and situation (Carter, 1995). This is heavily supported by Elbaz’s (1991, p.3) contention that “story is the very stuff of teaching…within which the work of teachers can be seen as making sense.”

Video as a representation of teacher’s practice (both pre and in-service) has been prevalent in teacher education due to its unique capability to capture the richness and complexity of elusive classroom practice (Borko, Jacobs, Eiteljorg, & Pittman, 2008; Santagata, 2009). For this reason, Masats and Dooly (2011) express that initial teacher education programmes should integrate contextualised videos in the curricula to promote reflection. By watching videos of their own practice student teachers can provide researchers with an insight to their meaning making. Through stories individuals are provided the tools to express their identity (Bruner, 1987; Bullough and Gitlin, 2001). Connelly and Clandinin believe that

people shape their daily lives by stories of who they and others are and as they interpret their past in terms of these stories. Story, in the current idiom, is a portal through which a person enters the world and by which their experience of the world is interpreted and made personally meaningful (2006, p.477).  

Method

This paper adopts an interpretative, qualitative, cohort approach. The focus of qualitative methods is on collecting data from small samples which allow for an in-depth study of issues (Denzin and Lincoln, 2007). The interpretive approach recognises the subjective and elusive nature of capturing knowledge of social reality and that the social actors involved in the research will have their own personal viewpoints, biases and experiences. The data collected in this paper was analysed by using content analysis which is “a research technique for making replicative and valid inferences from data to their context” (Krippendorf, 2013). There are 11 participants in the cohort featured in this study. The 11 are student teachers participating in a 4 year concurrent initial teacher education model in the University of Limerick. As part of their course requirements each must complete a 6 week placement in their 2nd semester of second year in a school based in the Republic of Ireland. This is their first experience in the classroom as a teacher. During the 6 weeks a lesson of each participant was recorded on site in their respective school. The video was reviewed by the researcher (in purely an observer role) and the participant on campus in the Educational Technology Centre in University of Limerick. The session involved watching the student teachers’ lessons and then completing the following responses: • What do you see about yourself as a teacher here? • Does this capture who you are now? Why/Why not? • What has changed about yourself as a teacher? What contributed to this change? • Through either a picture/written description attempt to create a metaphor which best describes the teacher you see presented. How do you feel about this image? The methods used in the paper to ascertain the participants’ story of their professional identity are participant-observation and student-teacher metaphors. Participant-observation adds strength to this paper by the following (Robson, 2002) • ‘Saying is one thing; doing is another’ – To a point observation limits discrepancies between what “people do and say what they have done, or will do” (Auge and Auge, 1999). • ‘Real life’ – direct observation in the field permits a lack of artificiality. Metaphors offer researchers an insight to human thinking as a means of producing coherence and of making sense of life (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980).

Expected Outcomes

The provisional content analysis of the student teachers stories after watching their practice has yielded 11 categories which the student teachers’ responses highlighted in this respective order: • Classroom Management • Personality/Characteristics • Presentation – of self (tone/posture) • Planning • Execution – of lesson • Reaction to the video (disappointed/pleased) • Extracurricular experience • College Modules • Schooling Background (lay theories) • School Culture • Pedagogy The broad selection of images or descriptions to display their teaching metaphors ranges from a wave to a shepherd to a lighthouse. Interestingly their metaphors strongly indicate the roles they feel must enact as a teacher. Although these results recorded in this paper are not necessarily generalizable across all student teachers’ experiences it does offer researchers and initial teacher educators a genuine account of a student teacher’s account of his/her own practice while on placement. The innovative use of video allows the student teachers to act as the observer of this teacher they are watching. The focus/perspective lies with the student teacher allowing their own story to come through. The innovative methods adopted in this paper show the on-going evolution in teacher education. Using identity as a lens to study student teachers understanding of their own professional practice this paper combines personal teaching metaphors and participant observations with advances of technology; providing readily available video evidence of in classroom practice.

References

Beauchamp, C., Thomas, L. (2009). Understanding teacher identity: an overview of issues in the literature and implications for teacher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, volume 39, number 2, pp. 175-189. Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on teacher’s professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 107-128. Beijaard, D., Verloop, N., & Vermunt, J. D., (2000). Teacher’s perceptions of professional identity: an exploratory study from a personal knowledge perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 749-764. Bullough, R. V. & Gitlin, A. D., (2001). Becoming a Student of Teaching. London: Routledge. Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (1996). Teachers’ professional knowledge landscapes: Teacher stories. Stories of teachers. School stories. Stories of schools. Educational Researcher, 25(3), 24–30 Clandinin, D.J., Huber, J., Huber, M.,Murphy, M.S. (2006). Composing diverse identities: Narrativve inquiries into the interwoven lives of children and teachers. Routledge, New York. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1999). Shaping a professional identity: Stories of education practice. London, ON: Althouse Press. Hall, K., Conway, P. F., Murphy, R., Long, F., Kitching, K. and O’Sullivan, D. (2012). Authoring oneself and being authored as a competent teacher. Irish Educational Studies, 31, 2, 103-117. Korthagen, F., Kessels, J., Koster, B., Lagerwerf, B., & Wubbels, T. (2001). Linking practice and theory: The pedagogy of realistic teacher education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Rodgers, C., and Scott, K. (2008). The development of the personal self and professional identity in learning to teach. In M. Cochran-Smith, S. Feiman-Nemser, D.J. McIntyre and K.E. Demers (Eds), Handbook of research on teacher education: Enduring questions and changing contexts (pp. 732-755). New York: Routledge. Stryker, S. (2000). Identity competition: Key to differential social movement involvement. In S. Stryker, T. Owens, & R. White (Eds.), Identity, self, and social movements (pp. 21-40). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Thomas, L. and Beauchamp, T. (2011). Understanding new teacher’s professional identities through metaphor. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 762-769. Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice. Leaning, Meaning, and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press. Zembylas, M. (2003). Interrogating teacher identity: emotion, resistance, and self-formation. Educational theory. 53 (1), 107-127. Zhang, M., Lundeberg, M., Koehler, M. and Eberhardt, J. (2011). Understanding affordances and challenges of three types of video for teacher professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27 (2), 454-462.

Author Information

Ciarán Ó Gallchóir (presenting / submitting)
University of Limerick
Education and Professional Studies
Limerick
University of Limerick, Ireland
University of Limerick, Ireland

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