Exploiting Pedagogical Simulation In Teacher Education
Author(s):
Ulla Kiviniemi (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

Paper Session

Time:
2015-09-10
15:30-17:00
Room:
VII. Előadó [C]
Chair:
Elaine Batchelor

Contribution

Simulation pedagogy has been applied round the world in many practical fields such as aviation and medicine. The simulation reproduces such traditional kind of real events and environments that are difficult otherwise to try out or study under the right conditions, in the right environment or with the right instruments. Yliniemi (2013) has listed the benefits of simulation; according to her the created risk free environment enhances critical thinking, which gives the students more self-confidence and improves learners´ teamwork and communication skills. In simulation student activation and agency for the assignment take place on several different levels. Especially intellectual and experiential activation are strongly linked with functional activation (eg. Vuorinen 2001; Salakari 2010). Learning is thus achieved by testing and practising previously learned skills and knowledge on functional situations (Salakari 2010).

The simulation can also be achieved through drama. In that case, the situation and interaction are simulated by acting in different roles. Through drama, human tensions and episodes are explored in stories by using dialogue and actions. The drama action takes place; therefore, as if all is true, even though everyone knows that it is not true (Vuorinen 2001).The strength of this teaching method is the use of the imagination and empathy (Heikkinen 2005). The challenges in simulation assembly for educators relate to activating the scenario for the learners and for the learners responding honestly in action (Yliniemi 2013). Both the simulation and drama processes are well suited to incidents where experiences, attitudes, circumstances and interactions are processed.

Teacher's work is ethical, practical and theoretical. In integrative pedagogy (Tynjälä & Virtanen 2009) theoretical knowledge is intertwined with experiential knowledge by using learning tools that enable communication between different knowledges and information modes. Simulation pedagogy offers the opportunity to connect information to experiences actively and with empathy.
   During one certain international teacher training intensive course (2008-2011) teacher identities were in the focus of studying and learning. The students were led to examine values, cultural meanings and social developments that have an impact on teacher´s professional development and actions. In order to understand these processes the students were prompted to analyse teacher thinking through Kincheloe’s (2004) categorisation of multiple forms of knowledge which separates empirical knowledge, normative knowledge, political and critical knowledge, ontological knowledge, experiential knowledge and reflective-synthetic knowledge within the professional awareness. By developing a solid professional profile with extensive schemes and perspectives the teacher is able to take part in educational discussions and decision making with well formulated and justified views.Teachers work is about human relations - simulation seems to be a justified and valid method to be used also in teacher education, though it is utilized rather random in my experience. This paper reports about the completion of a simulation in teacher education in the European context.

Method

The programme gathered ten students from each of the three partner countries (Sweden, Finland and Turkey) to study two weeks together. This means that during three-year mobility program the course involved 120 student teachers. The teaching methods were rather traditional as lectures, workshops, school visits, cultural presentations, interviews, but active peer learning was used in most sessions exploited both in national and multicultural groups. The intensive course culminated in a group drama simulation in which the best candidate was selected for a fictitious school teacher post. The job-hunting scenario is a forthcoming episode for student teachers to encounter by the transit point from teacher education to working life. The students were ushered to act as they would naturally act in a situation like that. The chosen group work method was a pedagogical choice for attaching deep peer dialogue and national comparisons in the action but also for time management and fluent performance. In the simulation each group created an identity and a profile for their collective teacher candidate. The whole group helped the candidate in profile design, worked for the applicant's demonstration campaign, as well as supported of their candidate in the interviews. The simulation’s theoretical content focused on the multiple perspectives of teaching profession and the stakeholders’ part in school life. The practical objective was to simulate constructing the candidate´s teacher substance by choosing the best teacher qualities and standing up for them as well as studying the seeking for a job procedure and drilling the applicant interview. The group process illustrated the different views how ‘a good teacher’ is not a harmonious and according concept but a fluctuating agreement. The aim of this study was to identify students’ learning and experiences of the simulation process. Content analysis was used to examine students’ comments and descriptions in their final reports (N=80) and in the feedback session. The data analysis covered the final reports and feedback of the Finnish students (N = 30 persons). In the empirical part, the data was examined through open reading and with a qualitative analysis relocating the students’ statements into two categories of learning and experiences. The categories welcomed both personal and professional dimensions.

Expected Outcomes

According to student feedback, the simulation inspired the part-takers and the learning process was fun and communal. The simulation was “real” enough to be experienced authentic enough and the strategy of peer discussions enabled communication between individuals and nations. The method allowed fun brainstorming but at the same time the groups worked in a responsible way and solved problems as a result of the interaction. Also the action itself pointed out significant details and illuminated their connections. The group drama motivated and involved students into the joint group effort and the team spirit raised high. The feedback also tells us that the theoretical knowledge was intertwined with experiential knowledge. Teacher knowledges were combined well with practising teacher profession, especially when dealing with the stakeholder groups. Notable and relevant contents were discussed during the simulation which helped to specify and vocalise the diverse characteristics of a good teacher. Though it is impossible to define "the good teacher” univocally the simulation headed the thinking of the teacher students thinking on the theme and give a hint of the complexity of the situation. The sub-simulation of a job interview was taken as excellent coaching before entering the labour market - because of the job seeking process itself but it also highlighted the importance of identify one’s own strengths as a teacher and how to bring them out when applying. The opportunity to listen and analyse the candidate’s interview dialogue practises was seen as educational, which helped perceiving that occasion as a supply and demand play like trying to sell one´s ideas wisely to the representatives of different stakeholder groups. As the results show it is possible to open up the complicated picture of job seeking in a simulation in teacher education.

References

Heikkinen, H. (2005). Draamakasvatus: Opetusta, taidetta, tutkimista!. [Jyväskylä]: Minerva. Kincheloe, J.L. 2004. The Knowledges of Teacher Education. Developing a Critical Complex Epistemology. Teacher Education Quarterly, Winter, 49–65. Yliniemi, P. 2013. Virtual – and simulation based environment a boundary system in Nursing Education. In Oikarinen, K., Kangastie, H. & Tieranta, O. (eds.). hyvinvointialojen simulaatio- ja virtuaalikeskuksesta oppimis- ja kehittämisympäristö. Rovaniemi: RAMK. 71-76. Salakari, Hannu 2010. Simulaatorikouluttajan käsikirja. Hakapaino Oy. Helsinki. Tynjälä, P. & Virtanen, A. 2009. Students' competence development at the workplace: knowledge, skills and the integration of school learning and workplace learning. Paper presented at the EARLI Conference 25.–29.8.2009, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Vuorinen Ilpo, 2001. Tuhat tapaa opettaa. Vammala. Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy.

Author Information

Ulla Kiviniemi (presenting / submitting)
University of Jyvaskyla
Department of Teacher Education
University of Jyvaskyla

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