School Managers Readiness to Support Senior Teachers Professional Development at Vocational Education
Author(s):
Piret Tamme (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

01 SES 04 B, Leadership development

Paper Session

Time:
2015-09-09
09:00-10:30
Room:
204.Oktatóterem [C]
Chair:
Janinka Greenwood

Contribution

The aging population in the European Union is increasing permanently. In the year 1960 the amount of seniors formed 10,6% of the whole population, in 2005 it was 23% and in the year 2050 it could be according to the forecast of Eurostat form 27% (Eurostat, 2010) of the whole population. This brings along one solution to recruit and train elderly work force. However, this recommendation requires changes in culture and especially paradigmatic change among managers: elderly workforce is not dependant on others (Pincas, 2007) but senior employees require different approaches. In order to keep senior teachers progressive and professionally developed employers should pay attention to their growth. Therefore, it is vital to know what influence teachers´ wish to learn, and notice the factors that support learning

Relying on the above mentioned there has been risen the following research question:

How can school managers support the professional development of senior teachers at Estonian colleges and vocational educational institutions.

In order to solve the research question one should understand two issues:

  1. How senior teachers themselves describe their professional development; and
  2. What is the awareness of school management on the professional development of senior teacher.

The main aim of the work is to describe the awareness of the management of colleges and vocational schools about the professional development of senior  teachers.

It is not easy to define professional development. It depends on cultural and socio-economic environment and is entwined with teachers´ private and professional life. It is also connected with school environment and school culture (Campbell, McNamara & Gilory, 2004).

Moreover, there are not many studies which handle senior teachers´ (starting from the age 60+) professional development. However, many studies have been implemented on teachers´ and especially on novice teachers´ professional development (, L., Berliner, E., Hirsch, S., Kennedy, A., Hawkins, D., L., Lawless, K., A., Pellegrino, J., W., Murphy, G., A., Calway, T., Lange,J., D., Burroughs-Lange, S., G., Pincas, A., Coldwell,M., Simkins, T). Therefore, the general concept of the professional development for senior teachers follows the concept of professional development for teachers as a whole.

In the present paper the professional development is understood as an individual process which is influenced by individual factors and shaped by contextual factors, whereas the most controversial influencer is the changing essence of profession.  

The work follows the phenomenographic approach, which aim is to describe, analyse and understand persons´ experience, to see how persons´ themselves think about the phenomena.

Method

The whole study uses sequential mixed design (Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2011). The aim for combining qualitative and quantitative methods is the development. Qualitative interviews with senior teachers follow quantitative questionnaires to school management and the results of one part are the starting point for the second part, which means that the questions for management are formed according to the results of the interviews. Klassen & Cresswell (2012) call this design as embedded one. The study starts with semi-structured interviews with senior teachers. The questions follow the theoretical framework of professional development. Interview questions have been prepared according to the main components of the professional development taken from literature. The purposive sampling is employed whereas vocational schools are approached and the senior teachers are asked for interviews. The criteria for sampling are: 1) geographical position - to involve all districts of Estonia; 2) vocational schools and higher educational institutions where vocational education is provided (in Estonia there are seven higher educational institutions where vocational education is also provided); 3) men and women. The sample includes 22 senior teachers. Senior teachers in this survey are 60 and older. The youngest is 60 and the oldest is 72 years. There are 18 women and four men in the sample. All participants cover geographically different areas of Estonia. Five respondents are from higher educational institutions where vocational education is also provided and 17 are from vocational schools. By nationality 21 are Estonians and one is Russian. Structured questionnaire for managers were prepared according to the results of the interviews. Interviews were sent to all vocational schools. All members of the managerial board were asked to answer the questions (directors, study directors, head of the study chairs).

Expected Outcomes

The results revealed quite clearly that senior teachers while treated in a proper way can be a valuable resource for schools. However, in some aspects the understanding of managers about the professional development of senior teachers and the understanding of the professional development of senior teachers themselves contradict. Senior teachers are open minded and ready to learn new things. All senior teachers managed quite well with computers. However changes in the society cause trouble, which is not quite clearly understood by managers. Most of all it is connected with the traditional understanding of teachers professions, where senior teachers talking about profession follows three main factors: autonomy, expert knowledge and service. Whereas autonomy is decreasing due to the changes in the society and mainly in connection with different quality criteria’s. Also the notion of expert knowledge has been modified. Senior teachers believe in teaching as the most important process at school for teachers, which requires permanent learning in the respective field. And all kind of supplementary tasks only waste their time. Here is the main gap between senior teachers and managers- senior teachers´ ideology sees teaching as the main process which is stable and relies on teachers´ competence (inc ethics). Teacher knows which is good for a student, because she is a professional. Another great difference is the understanding of job done by senior teachers: managers think that teaching is the best suitable job, however teachers themselves think that they can do better mentoring, or placement coordination.

References

Bailey. M. (2011). Policy, professionalism, professionality and the development of HR practitioners in the UK. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35, 487-501 Campbell, A., McNamara, O., Gilory, P. (2004). Practical Research and Professional Development in Education. Paul Chapman Publishing. Eurostat. (2010). Europe in figures - Eurostat yearbook 2010. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Evans, L. (2008). Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56, 20–38. Goodson, I. (2007). All the lonely people: the struggle for private meaning and public purpose in education. Critical Studies in Education, 48, 131–148. Hawkins, D., L. (2010). University of South Carolina´s Elementary Professional Development School Partnerships: Conditions influencing Professional Development in Teachers. University of South Carolina Huber, S., G. (2011). The impact of professional development: a theoretical model for empirical research, evaluation, planning and conducting training and development programmes. Professional Development in Education, 37, 837–853. Kennedy, A. (2005). Models of Continuing Professional Development: a framework for analysis. Journal of In-service Education, 31. Klassen, A., C., Creswell, J., Plano Clark, V., L., Smith, K., C, Meissner, H., I. (2012). Best practices in mixed methods for quality of life research. Quality of Life Research. 21:377–380. Laine, S., W., M. (2000). Professional Development in Education and the Private Sector: Following the Leaders. Dovcument resume. North Central Regional Educational Lab. ‘Murphy, G., A.; Calway, B., A. (2008). Professional development for professionals: beyond sufficiency learning. Australian Journal of Adult Learning. 48. Osorio, A., R. (2008). The learning of the elderly and the profile of the adult educator Convergence, 41. Sherman, R., Dlott, Bamford, H., McGivern, J., Cohn, M. (2003). Evaluating Professional Development Resources: Selection and Development Criteria. A Publication of Building Professional Development Partnerships for Adult Educators Project. Simson, S., Thompson, E., Wilson, L., B. (2001). Who Is Teaching Lifelong Learners? A Study of Peer Educators in Institutes for Learning in Retirement Gerontology & Geriatrics Education Publication, 22. Teddlie, C, Tashakkori, A. (2011). Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Modern Language Journal. Spring2011, Vol. 95 Issue 1, p152-153. 2p. Wermke, W. (2011). Continuing professional development in context: teachers’ continuing professional development culture in Germany and Sweden. Professional Development in Education, 37, 665–683.

Author Information

Piret Tamme (presenting / submitting)
Tallinn University/ Tallinn Health Care College
Tallinn

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