How Cultural Tools and Sociocultural Context Prevent Student Teachers In Developing New Conceptions About Adapted Teaching
Author(s):
Britt Oda Fosse (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

Paper Session

Time:
2015-09-08
13:15-14:45
Room:
101.Oktatóterem [C]
Chair:
Bruno Leutwyler

Contribution

In order to respond to diversity in the classroom ‘adapted teaching’ and ‘differentiated teaching’ have been introduced as important conceptions in teacher education. However there are indications that teacher education doesn’t provide students with good enough qualifications within the area of adapted teaching (Banks, J., Cochran-Smith, M., Moll, L., Richert, A., Zeichner, K., LePage, P., Darling-Hammond, L. & Duffy, H.,2005; Cochran-Smith & Zeichner, 2005; NOKUT, 2013; Pugach, 2005). One reason for this is that adapted teaching historically is connected to pupils with special educational needs. Another reason stems from little awareness towards the perceptions and language we use when we talk about pupils and teaching.

Teachers tendency to categorize pupils as for example strong and week, can affect the way we think about and act in relation to pupils. According to Rosaen and Florio Ruane (2008) it is important to study metaphors we use when we speak of pupils and further discuss cultural and historical origins of these metaphors, because this may prevent student teachers in adopting the understanding and the actions already implicit in the concepts.

This paper discusses how student teachers make meaning about adapted teaching when they reflect on their own teaching together with their supervisor while in school practice during their one year teacher education. The paper discusses following question:

• What cultural/linguistic tools are being used when students and their supervisor are talking about adapted teaching and how do these tools effect students' understanding and behavior in the classroom?

• What is the supervisor's role in these processes?

Theoretical framework:

The theoretical framework is based on sociocultural and dialogical theory. How we make meaning is strongly contextual (Vygotsky 1978, 2001, Wertsch 1998, Linell 2009, Lemke 2000). Sociocultural and dialogical theory offers one way to conceptualize the social construction of knowledge and to analyzing situated learning processes. By focusing on the participants’ collective meaning-making in-situ, it is possible to explore what is talked about and how tools and sociocultural context are made part of their talk and action (Linell 2009). 

Key concepts in dialogical theory are interactivity, contextuality, semiotic mediation and moral and evaluative communicative construction (Linell 2009). Dialogues take place in and through words. The dialogical perspective implies that thinking and problem solving takes place in the world rather than in the individual brains. Therefore, in meaning-making there is interdependency between the activity, the persons involved, the contexts and the resources available.

This study also has focus on concept development, drawing on Vygotskys theories on scientific - and everyday language, and ‘meaning’ and ‘sense’ (Vygotsy 1978, 2001)

Method

The paper draws on a Ph.D. dissertation (Fosse, 2011). In analyzing teacher student’s talk in action elements from Interaction Analysis (IA) (Jordan and Henderson 1995) is used as an analytical approach. Analytic focus in IA include the structure of events, the temporal organization of activity, turn-taking, participation structures, trouble and repair, the spatial organization of activity and artifacts and documents. Some of these categories are interesting for the study presented in this paper.. In another layer of analyzing, Linells' (2009) “quadrilateral diamond” is used to support IA. The “quadrilateral diamond” consists of four dimensions: I, you, it and the socioculture ‘we’, ‘one’. The last comprising mediational means like language other tools and social shared knowledge. In addition this quadrilateral system has a time-space dimension, which induces continuous recontextualization across contexts (Linell 2009:96). The analysis and discussions in this paper are based on audio-recordings from two groups of 4+5 student teachers when they are reflecting on their own teaching together with a supervisor in the practice schools. The transcriptions of the audio-recordings are analyzed.

Expected Outcomes

Findings show that collective meaning-making is highly situated and dependent on the sociocultural context, the tools available and the object (what is talked about). The study indicates that student teachers are not expected to plan their lessons for a diverse classroom, but for the average pupil. They talk about individual pupils only when they appear in a surprisingly or negative way. E.g.: Supervisor: “He doesn’t know much, but he tries his best to contribute.” The student teachers make meaning about adapted teaching as being something they conduct through a spontaneous adaptation there and then:. Supervisor: “Just, tell him he is ok, stuff like that.” Further the study shows how the informants classifies students in three main categories: "all", "good" and "weak" Pupils who are “week” or do “not know so much” seems to be defined as deviant. To the extent supervisor invites to talk about pupils categorized as "weak" etc. it is to propose solutions that go on to "tackle" the pupil in. Typical of the dialogues is that no one asks questions about the way they categorize pupils. Neither do they make the pupils’ behavior an object of reflection and analysis in order to find out more about him or her, or discuss how to adapt their teaching to the pupils’ ability. The supervisor’s roles appear as indistinct. They entrust to the students themselves to seek answers and respond to the student teachers talk in positive ways. They do not speak about their own understandings of adapted teaching. This prevents the supervisor from functioning as a “tool” that exceeds the prevailing image of the teacher, and further prevents discussions that make students aware of what tools they use and the consequences it will have for their teaching. In this way student teachers uncritically "takes over" cultural tools; like languages, perspectives and ways of teaching.

References

Banks, J., Cochran-Smith, M., Moll, L., Richert, A., Zeichner, K., LePage, P., Darling-Hammond, L. & Duffy, H. (2005): Teaching Diverse Learners. I L. Darling-Hammond og J. Bransford (eds.) (2005): Preparing Teachers for a Changing World. What Teachers Should Learn and Be Able to Do. San Francisco:The Jossey-Bass Education Series. Cochran-Smith, M. & Lytle, S. L. (1999): Relationships of Knowledge and Practice: Teacher Learning in Communities. I A. Iran-Nejad & P. D. Pearson (eds.): Review of research in education. American educational research association, Washington, DC. Fosse, B.O. (2011): Lærerstudenters innramming og forståelse av tilpasset opplæring . En studie av kollektive læringsprosesser i ulike kontekster ved en praktisk-pedagogisk lærerutdanning. Ph.D dissertation, University of Oslo, Norway. Jordan, B. & Henderson, A. (1995): Interaction Analysis: Foundations and Practice. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4 (1): 39-103. Lemke, J.l. (2000): Across the scales of Time: artifacts, and Meanings in Ecosocial Systems. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 7 (4), 273–290. Linell, P. (2009): Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically. Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense-Making. Information Age Publishing, Inc. Charlotte, NC. NOKUT (2013). PPUs relevans av studenters og nyutdannede læreres oppfatninger. (Rapport 2013-3). Oslo: NOKUT. Pugach, M.C. (2005): Research on Preparing General Education Teachers to Work With Students With Disabilities. I M. Cochran-Smith & K.M. Zeichner (eds.): Studying Teacher Education. The Report of the AERA Panel on Research and Teacher Education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Inc. USA. Rosaen, C. and Floriane-Ruane, S. (2008): The metaphors by which we teach: experience, metaphor, and culture in teacher education. I M. Cochran-Smith, S. Feiman-Nemser, D. J. McIntyre og K. E. Demers (eds.): Handbook of research on teacher education. Enduring Questions in Changing Contexts. Routledge/Taylor & Francis group and the assosiation of teachers educators. UNESCO. 2003: Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive Approaches in Education. A challenge. A vision. Conceptual Paper. Lastet ned fra: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001347/134785e.pdf Vygotsky, L. S. (2001): Tenkning og tale. Gyldendal Akademisk. Wertsch, J. V. (1998): Mind as Action. New York: Oxford University Press.

Author Information

Britt Oda Fosse (presenting / submitting)
University of Oslo, Norway
Teacher education and school reserach
Oslo

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