Preparing Teachers for Multicultural Classrooms: Beliefs of Pre-Service Teachers in the Viennese Context
Author(s):
Seyda Subasi (presenting / submitting) Hanife Akar (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

Paper Session

Time:
2015-09-09
09:00-10:30
Room:
VII. Előadó [C]
Chair:
Paul Flynn

Contribution

This paper aims to present a completed study which was conducted in Vienna with pre-service teachers. The aim of the study was to hear pre-service teachers’ perceptions regarding their own needs, strengths to teach in culturally diverse classrooms as well as their predictions for their future experiences in culturally diverse classrooms and their suggestions to teacher education agenda.

How to achieve democratic multicultural society through education has been under discussion in Europe for a long time (Portera, 2008). As a country which is resided by various cultural groups, Austria is also trying to handle intercultural and multicultural education as a process with the help of policies and principles. Being among the top five multicultural cities across Europe, Vienna serves as a good example where pre-service teachers are likely to teach in a class populated with various cultures. However, no multicultural education can be achieved with only policies or without teacher development (Savage, 2011). As ministry, schools and teacher education institutions are interdependent; teacher education institutions are the bridges that carry the vision of the ministry to schools and it is significant to construct teacher education programs that support pre-service teachers with cultural awareness (Harraveld 2007; Valentin 2006).

The relevant research to locate how the principles of multicultural and intercultural education reflect on Austrian teacher education agenda is limited to a few studies with teachers (Luciak & Khan-Svik, 2008). Among these studies, a decade ago, Furch (2005) indicated that teachers understand the intercultural education principle partially and his results were strengthened with a relatively small-scaled study conducted with teachers by Strohmeier and Fricker (2007) who found that the understanding of intercultural principle is subject to teachers’ personal attitudes.

With this study, our aim was to go a step beyond and give pre-service teachers a chance to voice their own beliefs regarding their preparation for multicultural education. Such a research conducted in a multicultural capital can be a help to identify pre-service teachers’ understandings of multicultural education and to locate the positionality of teacher education institutions in building the required teaching force.

As Valentin (2006), Walker and Stone (2011) suggest, to see how teacher education programs prepare effective teachers for culturally diverse classrooms, we must deal with how teachers perceive their own preparedness. Examining the perceptions of pre-service teachers concerning their beliefs of multicultural education may add new insight into the existing subject matter (Smith, 2009). In addition, asking them about self-reflection helps deepen their understanding about how cultural knowledge is important (He & Cooper, 2009; Sharma, Phillon & Malewski, 2011; Turner, 2012) and identify their own attitude as well as their own readiness, biases, positive or negative attitudes (Gay, 2010; Gay & Kirkland, 2003; Moule, 2004).

In our study, pre-service teachers in four different teacher education institutions in Vienna were asked to voice their perceptions related to their strengths and needs for teaching in culturally diverse classrooms as well as their predictions on their future experiences in culturally diverse classrooms and about their suggestions regarding the agenda of teacher education programs by making use of research questions below;

  • How do pre-service teachers perceive their strengths with regard to teaching in culturally diverse classrooms?

  • How do pre-service teachers perceive their needs with regard to teaching in culturally diverse classrooms?

  • How do pre-service teachers foresee their future teaching experiences in culturally diverse classrooms?

  • What are the pre-service teachers’ suggestions to teacher education programs with regard to curriculum for building teacher-preparedness in culturally diverse classrooms?

Method

In this part, a brief overview of our research methodology, how we connected our methodology to our research questions, the type of data we collected and the way we reached and analyzed our data will be introduced to the audience. The study used qualitative methodology allowing holistic description and deeper understanding of the research problem via a survey. The survey instrument in this study was a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The target population of the study was pre-service teachers who study in fourteen different teacher education institutions in Vienna. Among these fourteen institutions, a cluster of four institutions was selected purposively to be able to reach pre-service teachers from all types of teacher education programs. These four institutions provided data from pre-service teachers for kindergarten, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary school levels. The accessible population was 468 pre-service teachers in the available classes of these four teacher education institutions. Participants answered four open-ended questions. The first open-ended question asked the predictions of pre-service teachers about their teaching experience in culturally diverse classrooms in their future career. Following, the second and third question were included to identify the perceptions of pre-service teachers about their strengths and needs regarding teaching in culturally diverse classrooms. The last open-ended question asked the suggestions of pre-service teachers to teacher education programs. This item wanted pre-service teachers to report their suggestions about the multicultural agenda in the curriculum of teacher education programs. The qualitative data collected through open-ended questions of surveys were analyzed through content analysis (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006) where test-retest method consistency (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006) and inter-coder agreement (Lombard, Snyder-Duch & Bracken, 2004) were applied for reliability concerns.

Expected Outcomes

The results of this study provided a picture that shows how Viennese pre-service teachers perceive their own strengths and needs to teach in culturally diverse classrooms. While their predictions are sketching another picture about how they see a culturally diverse classroom, their suggestions have valuable implications for teacher education agenda. The study revealed that pre-service teachers consider their personal attitudes toward multiculturalism and their personal characteristics as their strengths for teaching in culturally diverse classrooms, while they reported that they need more cross-cultural knowledge and more teaching profession skills to handle such classrooms. For their future teaching experiences in culturally diverse classrooms, pre-service teachers predicted both positive and negative climate. Although the numbers of positive and negative predictions were close to each other, the number of negative ones exceeded the positive ones. Among the negative predictions, pre-service teachers emphasized language problems, cultural challenges, conflicts, communication problems, prejudice, mobbing and parents-related problems. For their positive predictions, they listed learning and experiencing other cultures, and horizon enrichment. The most emphasized prediction was a negative one and it was related to language problems. Another concern of the study was to explore the suggestions of pre-service teachers to teacher education programs. The suggestions of pre-service teachers to teacher education programs focused on the agenda for developing multicultural awareness among pre-service teachers. Pre-service teachers voiced suggestions related to the agenda of professional development and the characteristics of teacher educators. Pre-service teachers expect teacher education programs to provide more information about other cultures via more seminars and more practice in culturally diverse classrooms. Suggestions to teacher education programs included suggestions related to teacher educators, too. Viennese pre-service teachers asked for teacher educators who have more experience in culturally diverse classrooms and/or who have migration background.

References

Fraenkel, J. K., & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw Hill. Furch, E. (2005). Interkulturelles Lernen’ und ‘Deutsch für Schüler mit nichtdeutscher Muttersprache’, Bildungspolitischer Auftrag und pädagogische Realität. Journal für Bildungsforschung 1, (1) 35–44. Gay, G. (2010). Culturally Responsive Teaching. New York: Teachers College Press. Gay, G., & Kirkland, K. (2003). Developing cultural critical consciousness and self-reflection in pre-service teacher education. Theory into Practice, 42 (3), 181-187. Harraveld, B. (2007). “Designing for Learner and Learning Diversity: A Conceptual Framework for Pre-service Teacher Education.” The International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations, 7 (4), 17-26. He, Y. & Cooper, J.E. (2009) The ABCs for pre‐service teacher cultural competency development. Teaching Education, 20 (3), 305-322. Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C.C. (2004). Practical Resources for Assessing and Reporting Intercoder Reliability in Content Analysis Research Projects. School of Media and Communication, Temple University. Retrieved from http://ils.indiana.edu/faculty/hrosenba/www/Research/methods/lombard_reliability.pdf Luciak, M., & Khan‐Svik, G. (2008) Intercultural education and intercultural learning in Austria – critical reflections on theory and practice, Intercultural Education, 19 (6), 493-504, DOI: 10.1080/14675980802568285 Moule, J. (2004). Safe and growing out of the box: Immersion for social change. In J.J. Romo, P. Bradford, & R. Serrano (Eds.), Reclaiming democracy: Multicultural educators’ journeys toward transformative teaching (pp.147-171). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Portera, A. (2008). Intercultural education in Europe: epistemological and semantic aspects. Intercultural Education, 19 (6), 481-491. Retrieved from http://euc.illinois.edu/5C/eucdw2011/documents/PorteraInterculturalEdinEurope.pdf Savage, J. (2011). Cross-cultural Teaching and Learning in the Secondary School. UK: Routledge. Sharma, S., Phillon, J. & Malewski, E. (2011). Examining the Practice of Critical Reflection for Developing Pre-Service Teachers’ Multicultural Competencies: Findings from a Study Abroad Program in Honduras. Issues in Teacher Education, 20 (2), 9-22. Smith, E. B. (2009). “Approaches to Multicultural Education in Pre-service Teacher Education Philosophical Frameworks and Models for Teaching.” Multicultural Education, 16 (3), 45-50. Strohmeier, D., & Fricker, A. (2007). Interkulturelles Lernen: Unbekanntes Unterrichtsprinzip odergelebte schulische Praxis? Erziehung und Unterricht, 157 (1), 115–28. Turner, M. (2013). Beyond the ‘good teacher’: guiding pre-service teacher reflections on culturally diverse students, Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 19 (1), 78-92. Velantin, S. (2006). “Addressing Diversity in Teacher Education.” Education, 127 (2): 196-202. Walker, C. L., & Stone, K. (2011). “Preparing Teachers to Reach English Language Learners: Pre-service and In-service Initiatives.” In T. Lucas (Ed.) Teacher Preparation for Linguistically Diverse Classrooms, 127-142. New York: Routledge

Author Information

Seyda Subasi (presenting / submitting)
University of Vienna, Austria
Hanife Akar (presenting)
Middle East Technical University

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