“I Have Really Learnt a Great Deal about Myself” − The Development of Professional Identity the First Five Years of Teaching.
Author(s):
Lilja M. Jonsdottir (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2015
Format:
Paper

Session Information

Paper Session

Time:
2015-09-08
17:15-18:45
Room:
101.Oktatóterem [C]
Chair:
Peter Gray

Contribution

This paper explores the paths through which novice teachers in grades one to ten travelled during their first five years of teaching, in the context of a longitudinal research in Iceland. This study provides insights into their expectations, concerns and dilemmas, joys and difficulties, successes and failures, and how they endured the entire process – and in so doing, how they created and re-created their identity as teachers. In this paper, I will present how their professional identity developed during the five years of our research relationship. The research centers around the following key questions: 1) How do beginning teachers experience their first five years of teaching in Iceland? and how do they develop their embodied knowledge of creating and managing relationships with students, colleagues and parents, and, of creating a classroom community? 2) How do beginning teachers work with their images of the teacher they initially wanted to become, i.e. how are these images and identities created and re-created? and how does their personal practical knowledge develop through their first five years of experience in teaching? The aim of this study was to bring to light their learning and development; what hindered and what supported them. Another aim was to examine what kind of support novice teachers need during their early years of teaching. The theoretical framework of this qualitative study was both phenomenology and postmodern theory (Creswell, 1998, 2007; Kvale, 1996; Taylor & Bogdan, 1998), and the central analytical perspective was the philosophy of narrative inquiry, which shaped the research methodology and the methods used. The Canadian scholars Connelly and Clandinin, who have been among the most productive researchers in narrative educational research and writings, claim to have been the first to use the term narrative inquiry in the educational research field (Connelly and Clandinin, 1990). Narrative inquiry is both a phenomenon that is studied and a method of study (Connelly and Clandinin, e.g. 1990, 2006; Clandinin and Connelly, 2000). In my research, I draw heavily on Connelly and Clandinin's ideas, terms and definitions regarding narrative inquiry (Connelly and Clandinin, e.g. 1990, 2006; Clandinin and Connelly, 2000). Narrative inquiry has aspects in common with other types of qualitative inquiry such as the emphasis on the social in ethnography and the use of first-person experience and narrative in phenomenology. Narrative inquiry is the simultaneous exploration of what Connelly and Clandinin (2006) call the three commonplaces: Temporality, sociality and place – which they say specifies dimensions of an inquiry space, namely the “places” [sic] to direct one’s attention when doing a narrative inquiry. Additionally, they claim (2000) that this approach requires cooperation between researcher and participants, over time, in a place or series of places, and in social interaction with milieus. By using narrative inquiry the researcher adopts a particular view of human experience which can be seen as a gateway to the understanding of experience. Narrative inquiry is the study of “how humans make meaning of experience by endlessly telling and retelling stories about themselves that both refigure the past and create purpose in the future” (Connellly and Clandinin, 1988, p. 24). The most valuable way of looking more closely at people is through the stories they tell of their lives (Freeman, 1997). Consequently, the findings of this research were written in the form of comprehensive and detailed stories.

Method

This study portrays the stories of three participants. Narrative inquiry requires cooperation between researcher and participants, as mentioned above, and the cooperation in my research was vital given that I was entering a very personal space where I asked my participants to express their sense of wellbeing as novice teachers, their sense of accomplishment as well as their sense of failure. As I delved into the beginning teachers’ experiences, I asked them to tell me their personal stories as teachers. With experience of teaching in the compulsory school system for two decades I understand how intensely personal teaching is. At the same time, I understand the importance for me as an inquirer to move between the intimacy with field participants and a reflective stance (Clandinin and Connolly, 2000). I met each participant once before they started teaching and two times during the first year of teaching. We then met after their second and third year of teaching, and the final meeting took place at the end of their fifth year. Additionally, I visited them in their classrooms in their third year of teaching, observed their teaching and their interaction with their students. I spoke briefly with some of their students, gathered field notes and took pictures in their classrooms. Connelly and Clandinin (2006) emphasize that the most “profound differences in kinds of narrative inquiry are captured in a distinction between living and telling” (p. 478), or “between stories collected [sic] through observation and those produced [sic] during interview” as Spector-Mersel (2010, p. 213) prefers it. It is telling when participants tell aspects of their lives. The interview form is then the primary working methodology in narrative inquiry focused on telling, and the same holds in this research. The narratives constructed from these tellings are so called interim narratives, which are texts situated in the spaces between field texts, as Connelly and Clandinin call the data, and the final texts (Clandinin and Connelly, 2000), or the final narratives. Each of my participant reviewed, commented on, and approved of both the interim narratives and the final narratives, because my intention was to share the “control over the various aspects of the inquiry with them” (Spector-Mersel, 2010, p. 217).

Expected Outcomes

Findings from this research indicate that taking part in a longitudinal research encouraged the early career teachers' active reflection. Their pedagogical knowledge and practices therefore developed, at least partly, from their own engagement with the process. Their ideas of what constitutes a good teacher, and therefore what kind of teachers they initially wanted to become, is influenced by experiences from their homes and upbringing as well as their 14 years of compulsory and high-school schooling (e.g. Beattie, 1995b, 2007; Clandinin, 1985, 1989; Connelly and Clandinin, 1988, 1990; Craig, 2013; Elbaz, 1981, 1983). This is the knowledge which shaped their original beliefs and visions of teaching and learning. In their teacher education, they encountered ideas and beliefs, values and dispositions regarding education, which they subscribed to and which further shaped their ideas of the teachers they wanted to become. During the early years in teaching, these ideas faced heavy challenges and difficulties in their classrooms, as they struggled to assimilate their views to the realities of teaching and in order to obtain a better grasp of their professions (e.g. Goodlad, 2004; Hobson, 2009; Lovett & Cameron, 2011). These challenges affected their identity formation. The journeys of these three young teachers from novices and then to competent performers (Berliner, 2001), were far from identical. The development changed every year and each of them developed their practices, and thus their identities, differently, which enabled them to elicit their more or less dormant vision of teaching from the time when they were newly graduated teachers. Furthermore, as the young teachers are followed through five years it becomes evident how important it is to give much greater support than has hitherto been available to novices, and the kind of support that extends over a considerably longer period of time.

References

Beattie, M. (1995b). The making of music: The construction and reconstruction of a teacher's personal practical knowledge during inquiry. Curriculum Inquiry, 25(2), 133–150. Berliner, D. C. (2001). Learning about and learning from expert teachers. International Journal of Educational Research, 35(5), 463–482. Clandinin, D. J. (1985). Personal practical knowledge: A study of teachers' classroom images. Curriculum Inquiry, 15(4), 361–385. Clandinin, D. J. (1989). Developing rhythm in teaching: The narrative stydy of a beginning teacher's personal practical knowledge of classrooms. Curriculum Inquiry, 19(2), 121–141. Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry. Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. A Wiley Company. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1988). Teachers as curriculum planners: Narratives of experience. Toronto and New York: The OISE Press and Teachers College Press. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (2006). Narrative Inquiry. In Green, J.L., Camilli, G. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Craig, C. J. (2013). Coming to know in the 'eye of the storm': A beginning teacher's introduction to different versions of teacher community. Teaching and Teacher Education, 29(1), 25–38. Elbaz, F. (1981). The Teacher's “practical knowledge”: Report of a case study. Curriculum Inquiry, 11(1), 43–71. Elbaz, F. (1983). Teacher thinking. A study of practical knowledge. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm Ltd. Freeman, M. (1997). Why narrative? Hermeneutics, historical understanding, and the significance of stories. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7(1–4), 169–176. Goodlad, J. (2004). A guiding mission. In J. Goodlad & T. J. McMannon (Eds.), The teaching career (pp. 19–46). New York: Teachers College Press. Hobson, A. J. (2009). On being bottom of the pecking order: Beginner teachers' perceptions and experiences of support. Teacher Development, 13(4), 299–320. Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews. An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Lovett, S., & Cameron, M. (2011). Schools as professional learning communities for early-career teachers: how do early-career teachers rate them? Teacher Development, 15(1), 87–104. Spector-Mersel, G. (2010). Narrative research. Time for a paradigm. Narrative Inquiry, 20(1), 204–224. Taylor, S., & Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative research methods. A guidebook and resource. (3 rd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Author Information

Lilja M. Jonsdottir (presenting / submitting)
University of Iceland
Reykjavik

Update Modus of this Database

The current conference programme can be browsed in the conference management system (conftool) and, closer to the conference, in the conference app.
This database will be updated with the conference data after ECER. 

Search the ECER Programme

  • Search for keywords and phrases in "Text Search"
  • Restrict in which part of the abstracts to search in "Where to search"
  • Search for authors and in the respective field.
  • For planning your conference attendance, please use the conference app, which will be issued some weeks before the conference and the conference agenda provided in conftool.
  • If you are a session chair, best look up your chairing duties in the conference system (Conftool) or the app.