Teacher's classroom management is an important element of student academic success and its improvement is a major concern among educators, parents and policy makers. One of the method to estimate teacher's classroom management level is to ask the students using a questionnaire. Students are first hand witnesses of what occurs in the classrooms and so they are in a privileged position to provide feedback on teaching practices (Brimble & Stevenson-Clarke, 2005; Vonkova et al., 2015). In general, data from student surveys is a central source of information in education research.

However, comparisons of self-reported measures across students in different countries, regions, schools, classrooms, or different socio-economic groups can be biased if respondents differ in their use of scales in the provided questions. Several studies have drawn attention to the heterogeneity in reporting behavior among respondents from different cultural backgrounds (e.g., Buckley, 2009; Clarke, 2001; Chen, Lee, & Stevenson, 1995). The anchoring vignette method has been introduced in the social sciences to adjust for such heterogeneity in reporting behavior and obtain comparable responses across groups (King et al., 2004).

Vonkova et al. (2015) show a substantial heterogeneity in student's perceptions of teacher's classroom management reporting behavior across PISA 2012 countries. In some countries, students have higher standards for judging teacher behavior and therefore such countries improve their relative position in the ranking of teachers' classroom management skills after adjusting for heterogeneity in reporting behavior. In Europe, this is the case of for example Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark. In contrary, students in other countries have lower standards and therefore such countries worsen their relative position after adjustment. This is the case of, for example, Romania, Albania and Bulgaria.

It has been shown in the literature that the heterogeneity in reporting behavior may play a substantial role not only in between-country level but also on within-country level (Bago d'Uva et al., 2008; Vonkova & Hrabak, 2015; Vonkova, Bendl & Papajoanu, forthcoming). In this paper, we focus on the relationship of selected school variables with teacher's classroom management and show whether they play a substantial / minor role when the heterogeneity in reporting behavior is accounted for. The selected school variables are the following: a) private versus public school, b) size of school location, c) competition between schools in the school's location (number of schools in the school's area that compete for students), d) classroom size, e) using achievement data in accountability procedures like posting them publicly, f) teacher salary change based on teacher appraisal, g) proportion of maths teachers with ISCED 5A (maths as major). The analysis is done for all 33 European countries participating in PISA 2012.

Our research questions are:

1) To what extent is the heterogeneity in the student's reporting behavior influenced by the selected school factors in European countries participating in PISA 2012?

2) What is the influence of the selected school factors on teacher's classroom management before and after adjustment for the heterogeneity in reporting behavior across European countries? What selected school factors play substantial role in teacher's classroom management across European countries when (not) adjusted for the heterogeneity?

3) In what European countries is the heterogeneity in reporting behavior most / less substantial?

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