Novices' Issues in Focus in Classroom Management – An Ecological Perspective
Author(s):
Liat Eyal (presenting / submitting) Drorit Ram (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

10 SES 14 C, The Role of Teaching Theories and Worldviews

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-26
15:30-17:00
Room:
NM-C214
Chair:
Susann Hofbauer

Contribution

Although success in classroom management may be linked to the success of practitioners, especially novices, the field of inquiry of classroom management is scarcely in the focus of educational research (Evertson &Weinstein, 2006). The definition of classroom management may vary according to the educational perspective. From a behavioristic perspective classroom management involves discipline, motivation and obedience (Kohn, 2008). From an ecological perspective classroom management entails practices aimed at maintaining order, is dynamic and multifaceted since there are relationships among various components within the classroom setting – teacher, student, and the learning environment (Doyle, 2006). In most definitions of classroom management one may find teachers' actions aimed at maintaining order, engagement or cooperation of students (Emmer & Stough, 2001:103), student's behavior, interactions and learning (Martin & Sass, 2010). Based on existing literature we could infer that there are differences in the ways experienced teachers and novices perceive classroom management. Experienced teachers or experts, set learning as their most significant goal in classroom management (Wolff, van den Bogert, Jarodzka & Boshuizen, 2015), whereas novices struggle to maintain order (van Tartwijk, Veldman & Verloop, 2011), and focus on student's behaviour (Stoughton, 2006). Attitude surveys and questionnaires reveal that when experts were asked to describe their future actions in classroom situations they focused on learning and on designing the learning environment to enhance learning (Martin & Sass, 2010). This study stems from an ecological approach (Evertson & Weinstein, 2006), is qualitative in nature and aims to study which issues of classroom management are of most concern to novices.  In order to find out the issues in classroom management that novices found challenging, the issues and research questions that novices had chosen to investigate in qualitative studies they carried out while practicing teaching were the focus of our investigation. The research question was: What issues of classroom management had novices chosen to study? We assumed that the choice of issues by novices would reveal the most relevant issues or problems they were facing as novices, and at the same time reflect their educational approaches. 

Method

The corpus for analysis included 67 research questions (most of them within the action research paradigm) of 67 pre-service teachers enrolled in a course on classroom management at a teachers' college during one academic year in 2014, and who practiced teaching a school subject in junior high-schools at least once a week on a regular basis that year. In the course that they attended at the college once a week they were exploring literature on classroom management from an ecological perspective as well as literature in qualitative research. They were also required to choose an issue related to classroom management and carry out a qualitative study that was relevant to their practical teaching. Analysis was data driven and involved several phases. First all issues for research and all research questions that were written in the research papers of the 67 novices were collected by reading the research papers of the 67 novices that were submitted online, and all research questions and research issues were listed. The issues were listed in addition to the research questions in order to provide a context for the research questions that would be accurate and authentic and match reality and thus strengthen internal validity (Scott & Morrison, 2006). Then categories were identified by each of the two researchers separately and a discussion of relevant categories for analysis followed until an agreement has been reached. Content analysis (semantic) was performed and the categories were grouped accordingly. Then the groups were re-categorized into categories and sub-categories by each researcher and a discussion of the categorization followed. In the consequent phase the categories were associated with larger themes in the literature (Shkedi, 2003) by each researcher and an agreement has been reached in a discussion.

Expected Outcomes

Findings include seven facets that construct two major themes: teacher's role in the ecological setting of classroom management, and teacher's identity as a classroom manager. Most issues and research questions investigated related to the role of the teacher. The most frequent facet within the theme of teacher's role was orchestrating classroom interactions and teacher's role in interactions, less frequent was the design of learning environments that included engagement and cooperation of learners, and the least frequent facet was order and organization. The most frequent facet within the theme of teacher's identity was pedagogical perceptions, less frequent was the connection between teacher's actions and her pedagogical perceptions and the least frequent was educational goals. It appears that in most research issues of novices learning was in focus. Evidence for this may be found in issues or research questions that were set by novices and investigated designing learning environments to improve learning when teaching a specific school subject, or educational and pedagogical notions. The notions for research chosen by novices - teacher identity and enhancing learning correlate with the notions suggested by experts in previous studies (Wolff, van den Bogert, Jarodzka & Boshuizen, 2015). This finding whereby novices tend to focus on issues in classroom management expressed by experts could perhaps be explained by the influence of the academic context the novices experienced in the course on classroom management, where they explored the ecological approach.

References

Doyle. W. (2006). Ecological approaches to classroom management. In C. Evertson & C. Weinstein (Eds.). Handbook of classroom management. Research, practice and contemporary issues Pp. 97-125. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Emmer, E. & Stough, L. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology with implications for teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36, 103-112. doi:10.1207/S15326985EP3602_5 Evertson, C. & Weinstein, C. (Eds.) (2006). Handbook of classroom management. Research, practice and contemporary issues Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Kohn, A. (2008). Why self-discipline is overrated: The (troubling) theory and practice of control from within. Phi Delta Kappan 90 (3), 168-176. Martin, N.K. & Sass, D.A.(2010). Construct validation of the behaviour and instructional validation of the behaviour and instructional management scale. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26 (5), 1124-1135, July 2010. Scott, D. & Morrison, M. (2006). Key ideas in educational research. New York, NY: Continuum. Shkedi, A. (2003). Words that try to reach. Qualitative research – theory and practice. [Milim hamenasot lagaat – mechkar eichutani – theroya vepractica]. (In Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: Ramot. Tel-Aviv University. Stoughton, E.H. (2006). "How will I get them to behave?" Pre-service teachers reflect on classroom management. Teaching and Teacher Education 23, 1024-1037. van Tartwijk, J.; Veldman, I. & Verloop, N. (2011). Classroom management in a Dutch teacher education program: A realistic approach. Teaching Education, 22, 169-184. doi:10.1080/10476210.2011.567847 Wolff, C.E., van den Bogert, N., Jarodzka, H. & H.P.A. Boshuizen (2015). Keeping an eye on learning: Differences between expert and novice teachers’ representations of classroom management events. Journal of Teacher Education, 66(1): 68-85.

Author Information

Liat Eyal (presenting / submitting)
Levinsky College of Education, Ministry of Education
Givat Shmuel
Drorit Ram (presenting)
Levinsky College of Education
Tel Aviv

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