In Search of Something More: One Physical Educator's Career Path
Author(s):
Cassandra Iannucci (presenting / submitting) Ann MacPhail
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

01 SES 08 C, Professional Learning from an Individual Perspective

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-25
09:00-10:30
Room:
OB-H2.12
Chair:
Slawomir Krzychala

Contribution

Attracting, nurturing and retaining qualified teachers has been identified by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as a step policy makers can take to address the international concern for building an excellent, inclusive and equitable education systems (Schleicher, Co-operation, & Development, 2014). The focus of this paper is on one teachers’ career path, considering the relationship between individual dispositions and contextual factors on Sarah’s career trajectory, addressing the limited longitudinal research contributing to our understanding of teacher retention.

Research on the socialisation experiences of teachers is long standing (Pike & Fletcher, 2014), including Hal Lawson’s seminal work on the socialization of physical education teachers (see Lawson, 1983a; Lawson, 1983b). While a considerable amount of research has been conducted on what Pike and Fletcher (2014) have identified as the profile of recruits, that is, understanding who chooses to teach and why, there has been less focus on the induction of teachers, and a very limited amount of literature which seeks to explore the years beyond induction into teaching in schools (Pike & Fletcher, 2014). There continues to be a lack of empirical research spanning multiple stages of socialization beyond the induction stages of physical education teachers and their career-long socialization process (Pike & Fletcher, 2014), with an identified need to explore the ways in which teachers navigate the cultures of the schools in which they are employed over the course of their careers (Richards, Templin, & Graber, 2014). There is relatively little research on the professional lives of teachers in the middle years of their career (Day & Gu, 2010), with the identification of a need to better understand the physical education teacher’s career between the early years and later years. This may help teachers anticipate and negotiate expected challenges throughout their entire career cycle (Lynn & Woods, 2010). Traditionally, approaches to analysing teacher retention have involved either the individual (see Bobbitt, Faupel, & Burns, 1991; Heyns, 1988) or the workplace context (see Bridge, Cunningham, & Forsbach, 1978; Buckley, Schneider, & Shang, 2005) in relation to the impact on the career path of teachers (Rinke, 2008). However, it has been noted that both the individual characteristics and workplace factors have rarely been combined to gain a more holistic understanding of teachers’ career trajectories (Rinke, 2008).

Method

This paper is part of a larger study that involves a cohort of five physical education teachers who were interviewed on graduation from a four-year concurrent physical education teacher education (PETE) programme, at the end of their first year teaching, at the end of their sixth year teaching and twelve years after graduation. Participants were asked to self-identify critical incidents throughout their career, in both their professional and personal lives, that had a perceived impact on their career trajectory. Career timelines were created and used to map the participants’ career paths with relation to the perceived impact of self-identified critical incidents, positive or negative, and minimum to maximum, over time. Completed prior to interviews, the timelines were used as a guide, prompt and reference point by the participants and the interviewer throughout the interview. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews where participants were asked to talk through their career timeline before answering open ended questions more specifically directed at discussing their experience of the PETE programme. Participants were asked to talk through their career timeline adding any details or explanations to each of the plotted critical incidents. Previous interview transcripts from each participant’s involvement in the longitudinal study were re-read to gain familiarity and identify initial themes which informed this phase of the project and provided a frame of reference on the career path of each participant. This allowed the researchers to prompt participants on any previously referred to incidents that had not been included in the participants’ timeline and / or revisit incidents that may have been reported differently before. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, read, and re-read to gain familiarity with the data in its entirety prior to analysis (Agar, 1996). Consistent with the principles of thematic analysis (Braun, Clarke, Terry, Rohleder, & Lyons, 2014), data were coded into categories both inductively and deductively while simultaneously analysing the data to develop concepts. By continuously comparing categories in the data we were refining the concepts, identify properties and exploring relationships.

Expected Outcomes

The findings of this study suggest several factors influenced Sarah’s career trajectory, including (a) her desire to make a difference in the lives of her students, (b) the need for recognition and reward for her teaching efforts, and (c) the desire for the capacity to observe student progression. A short narrative is used to convey the complexity of Sarah’s career path with respect to the extent to which individual dispositions and contextual factors influenced her career trajectory. Physical education was the avenue through which she first began teaching. However, she soon realised that the scope of physical education in Ireland did not allow her to have the influence on her students that she desired, nor was she able to receive the feedback and recognition for the hard work and planning she put into her physical education programme. Recognising that the prospect of working with the same students all day every day in primary school was an attractive contrast to the limited contact time she had with her physical education students, primary teaching became an avenue to pursue. As a result, Sarah took advantage of an available career break to return to university, where she completed a Graduate Diploma degree in primary teaching. It is in Sarah’s current primary teaching position that she feels as though she has an impact on her students and appreciates the capacity to observe student learning.

References

Agar, M. H. (1996). The professional stranger: An informal introduction to ethnography. Bobbitt, S., Faupel, E., & Burns, S. (1991). Stayers, movers, and leavers: Results of the 1988–89 teacher followup Survey, 1991. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 91–128). Braun, V., Clarke, V., Terry, G., Rohleder, P., & Lyons, A. (2014). Thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology, 95. Bridge, J. T., Cunningham, C. H., & Forsbach, J. (1978). Faculty stability and effective schools. NASSP Bulletin, 62(417), 36-41. Buckley, J., Schneider, M., & Shang, Y. (2005). Fix it and they might stay: School facility quality and teacher retention in Washington, DC. The Teachers College Record, 107(5), 1107-1123. Day, C., & Gu, Q. (2010). The new lives of teachers: Routledge. Heyns, B. (1988). Educational Defectors A First Look at Teacher Attrition in the NLS-72. Educational researcher, 17(3), 24-32. Lawson, H. A. (1983a). Toward a model of teacher socialization in physical education: entry into schools, teachers’ role orientations, and longevity in teaching (part 2). Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 3(1), 3-15. Lawson, H. A. (1983b). Toward a model of teacher socialization in physical education: The subjective warrant, recruitment, and teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2(3), 3-16. Lynn, S. K., & Woods, A. M. (2010). Following the yellow brick road: A teacher’s journey along the proverbial career path. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 29(1), 54-71. Pike, S., & Fletcher, T. (2014). A review of research on physical education teacher socialization from 2000-2012. Revue phénEPS/PHEnex Journal, 6(1). Richards, K. A. R., Templin, T. J., & Graber, K. (2014). The socialization of teachers in physical education: Review and recommendations for future works. Rinke, C. R. (2008). Understanding teachers’ careers: Linking professional life to professional path. Educational Research Review, 3(1), 1-13 %@ 1747-1938X. Schleicher, A., Co-operation, O. f. E., & Development. (2014). Equity, Excellence and Inclusiveness in Education: Policy Lessons from Around the World.

Author Information

Cassandra Iannucci (presenting / submitting)
University of Limerick
Physical Education and Sport Science
Castletroy
University of Limerick, Ireland

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