Session Information
09 SES 01 A, Findings from PISA: Students' Attitudes, Perceptions and Performance
Paper Session
Contribution
Many studies have shown that feedback is a key determinant for student learning and achievement (Hattie & Timperley, 2007; Muijs et al., 2014; among others). Feedback can broadly be defined as information from the surroundings about the learning process that is available to an active learner (Ramaprasad, 1983; Scriven, 1967; Shute, 2008). This information can be offered to the learner by different agents (e.g. teacher, parents, peer, textbook) (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). Two international meta-studies have found that feedback is among the single most influential factors in relation to explaining the learning outcome of the individual student (Hattie, 2009; Meyer, 2005).
Despite this enormous body of research on feedback, few studies have explored whether the reception of feedback is equally distributed among all groups of students in the classroom. Furthermore, most of the literature so far did not analyze whether different types of feedback (such as formative vs. summative) are equally distributed within the classroom. Finally, few studies have explored feedback from the perspective of students. Against this background the aim of this paper is to examine how 15 year old students with different background characteristics and mathematic ability receive and perceive feedback in different ways. More specifically, I will use data from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 to examine whether gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic background and demonstrated mathematical ability are related to how much and what type of teacher-student feedback the individual student perceives in the context of mathematics lessons. In order to minimize within school homogeneity in student background characteristics due to, for instance ability sorting, I focus my analyses on the Nordic countries (DK, IS, N, S, FIN).
Theory/Assumptions
Drawing on social constructionist theory, I view learning from a student perspective as an active process in interaction with the surroundings (Palincsar, 1998; Vygotsky, 1978). I therefore expect variations between students with different background characteristics in proportion to how much and what types of feedback they perceive (Bernstein, 1975; Bourdieu & Passeron, 1990; Frykman, 1998). This standpoint also implies that intended feedback from the teacher is not always equal to the perceived feedback of the individual student. I focus on the feedback that is given by the teacher and perceived by the student. While summative and formative feedback are both components of the concept of feedback (e.g., Scriven, 1967), I distinguish between these two types of feedback when examining how these two types are distributed among students.
The paper will thus be one of the first empirical studies on systematic group differences in the distribution of feedback (Black & Wiliam, 1998).
Method
Expected Outcomes
References
Bernstein, B. (1975). Class and Pedagogies: Visible and Invisible. Educational Studies, 1(1), 23–41. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and Classroom Learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7–74. Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1990). Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications. Frykman, J. (1998). Ljusnande Framtid!: Skole, Social Mobilitet Och Kulturel Identitet. Lund: Historiska Media. Hattie, J. A. (2009). Visible learning - A Synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. London: Routhledge. Hattie, J. A., & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. Meyer, H. (2005). Hvad er god undervisning? København: Gyldendal. Muijs, D., Kyriakides, L., van der Werf, G., Creemers, B., Timperley, H., & Earl, L. (2014). State of the art – teacher effectiveness and professional learning. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 25(2), 231–256. Palincsar, a S. (1998). Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 345–375. Ramaprasad, A. (1983). On the definition of feedback. Behavioral Science, 28, 4–13. Scriven, M. (1967). The Methodology of Evaluation. In Perspectives of Curriculum Evaluation (pp. 39–83). Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. Shute, V. J. (2008). Focus on Formative Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153–189. Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2012). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling (second edi). London etc.: Sage Publishers. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Harvard University Press.
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