Session Information
23 SES 09 C, Governing School Choice in Scandinavia
Symposium
Contribution
The Swedish educational system has during the last decades changed dramatically with respect to organization, system of governance and curriculum (Lundahl et al., 2013). Even though it has always had a degree of segregation the market-oriented reforms implemented in the 1990s have had a great impact towards deeper social and geographical segregation (Fjellman, Yang Hansen & Beach 2018) and schools are becoming more and more socio-economically and ethnically homogeneous (Bunar & Ambrose, 2016; Dovemark & Holm, 2015; Trumberg, 2011). Even though it is, according to the Swedish School Act, forbidden for schools to choose and select students these rules are circumvented through schools' marketing (Dovemark, 2017). Being highly dependent on its success in recruiting students, schools expend economic and personnel resources on marketing their facilities, ethos and programmes. In this sense, students have become ‘commodities’ and ‘customers’ in the schools’ hunt for potential students (Beach & Dovemark, 2009). This development is particularly apparent in upper secondary school. By using the lens of Alhusser’s (1971/2008) concept of ideology this paper will focus on how the reproduction of the social relations of production – with particular focus on the division of ‘intellectual’ and ‘manual’ labor (or the ‘academic-vocational divide’) - is secured within a strong discursive context of democracy and freedom of choice. As Althusser (1971/2008, p. 48) suggests: “…ideology ‘acts’ or ‘functions’ in such a way that it ‘recruits’ subjects among the individuals /…/ or ‘transforms’ the individuals into subjects by /…/ interpellation or hailing”. Ideology positions individuals as different subjects “free” to obey or disobey the appeal. If the appeal interpellates the subject in such a way that the subject responds, a recognition is obtained. The subject perceives the place designated for him/her as “theirs in the world” (Althusser, 1971/2008, p. 52); as a graduate, a worker, a boss etc. By analyzing upper secondary schools’ various kinds of marketing materials, including websites and prospectuses of the schools, this paper aims to answer the following questions: (i) what subject positions, as workers and citizens, are prospective students given? (ii) How are these subject positions connected to the social division of labor? The preliminary findings show that schools’ market themselves as unique ‘brands’ in one way or another, hailing different segments of the ‘consumer market’ of students. Different groups of students are recruited to different subject positions in a way which reinforces the division between ‘intellectual’ and ‘manual’ labor.
References
Alhusser, L. (1971/2008) On Ideology. London/New York: Verso. Beach, Dennis & Dovemark, Marianne (2009). Making ‘right’ choices? An ethnographic account of creativity, performativity and personalised learning policy, concepts and practices. Oxford Review of Education 35(6), s. 689 – 704. Bunar, Nihad & Ambrose, Anna (2016) Schools, choice and reputation: Local school markets and the distribution of symbolic capital in segregated cities. Research in Comparative & International Education. 11(1), 34-51. Dovemark, Marianne (2017) Utbildning till salu – konkurrens differentiering och varumärke. Utbildning & Demokrati, 26 (1), 67-86 Dovemark, Marianne & Holm, Ann-Sofie (2017). Pedagogic identities for sale! Segregation and homogenization in Swedish upper secondary School. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(4), s. 518-532. Fairclough, Norman (2015) Language and Power. London: Routledge. Fjellman, Anna-Maria, Yang Hansen, Kajsa & Beach, Dennis (2018). School choice and implications for equity: the new political geography of the Swedish upper secondary school market. Educational Review 71, s. 518-539. Lundahl, L., I. Erixon Arreman, A.-S. Holm, and U. Lundström. 2013. “Marketization of Education in Sweden: How Far Has It Gone?” Education Inquiry 4 (3): 497–514. Trumberg, Anders (2011) Den delade skolan, segregationsprocesser i det svenska skolsystemet. Diss. Örebro: Örebro universitet.
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