The Science-Teacher Advanced Methods (S-TEAM) Project aims to enable more teachers effectively to adopt inquiry-based methods through support and access to innovative methods and research-based knowledge, so leading to increased science literacy and uptake of science careers (NTU, undated).This sub-project project aims to contribute through the following rationale.

First, through using inquiry-based approaches in science education, we with to facilitate the ability of learners to develop scientific thinking, since being able to think scientifically underpins scientific literacy generally and makes science careers more attractive. Therefore, we need to theorise, in pedagogically useful ways, the connections between investigation in school science and scientific thinking. Third, this theory has to be applied, tested, developed or modified in schools in cooperation with science teachers using inquiry-based approaches to science education. Fourth, lessons from this can be taken to ITE.

 Following the first two parts of this rationale, a five dimensional model of investigations has been developed (Smith, 2010). Based on Feist (2006), the fifth dimension comprises a sub-model of scientific thinking. Although not aimed at science education, Feist’s work provides powerful arguments for identifying certain cognitive activities as constitutive of scientific thinking. These cognitive activities are (currently, at least) here called aspects of scientific thinking to avoid the over ready assumption that they are skills that can be practiced in isolation. Some aspects of scientific thinking, Feist argues, are found in both the implicit scientific thinking of children and adults, and the explicit scientific thinking of scientists – for example, observation, hypothesis formation and cause and effect thinking. These are fundamental to both everyday and scientific thinking. That is not to say that the thinking of children, adults and scientists is the same in all respects. Other factors differentiate scientific thinking from everyday thinking, including the ability to separate and co-ordinate evidence, forms of visualisation (e.g. models and diagrams), controlling one’s thinking by making it explicit, and using metaphors or analogies. Along with language, these enable thinking to become ‘less and less immediate and sensory-bound and more and more consciously represented, explicit and metacognitive’ (Feist, 2006, p71).

The other dimensions of the model allow teachers to ask pedagogical questions concerning the range of investigations they are using – 1) Which form of pupil understanding (Folk or developing scientific) does the investigation relate to? 2) Does it originate from learners’ or teachers’ goals? 3) What issues of control are there for the teachers and pupils? 4) How open or closed is the investigation in terms of breadth of possible outcomes and/or their certainty.

The model has been used by the author and two teachers in analysing various examples of investigative activity and found useful in highlighting what aspects of scientific thinking are supported, pedagogical issues that arise and possible improvements (Smith, 2010).

The next steps are to work with a group of teachers to apply and develop the model in solving pedagogical issues in making science teaching more inquiry-based within Scotland’s curriculum framework and to take lessons from this to ITE.

Brownlie, S., Curran, M., Falconer, L, McAllister, J. and Smith, C (2008). Supporting our pupils in developing their information skills: How do we do it? Caldervale High School, Airdrie/ Learning and Teaching Scotland. Available at http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/sharingpractice/c/supportinginformationliteracydevelopment/introduction.asp?strReferringChannel=sharedsharingpractice Feist, G.J. (2006) The Psychology of Science and the Origins of the Scientific Mind. New Haven: Yale University Press. McNally, J. & Blake, A. (eds) (2010) Improving learning in a professional context: A research perspective on the new teacher in school. London: Routledge. NTU (undated) https://www.ntnu.no/wiki/display/steam/SCIENCE-TEACHER+EDUCATION+ADVANCED+METHODS Smith, C.A. (2002) Supporting Teacher and School Development: learning and teaching policies, shared living theories and teacher-researcher partnerships. Teacher Development, 6(2), 157-179 Smith C. (2010) (With additional material supplied by Kelly, F. and Mackenzie, S.) Thinking pedagogically about scientific thinking: Towards a taxonomy of investigations. S-TEAM Conference, Nottingham, January Whitehead, J. (1989) Creating a Living Educational Theory from Questions of the Kind, ‘How do I improve My Practice? Cambridge Journal of Education, 19, 41-52. Whitehead, J. (2000) How Do I Improve My Practice? Creating and legitimating an epistemology of practice. Reflective Practice, 1, pp 91-104.