Teacher Professional Knowledge: Unravelling a Complex Field
Conference:
ECER 2010
Format:
Paper

Session Information

10 SES 06 A, Research on Professional Knowledge & Identity in Teacher Education

Paper Session

Time:
2010-08-26
10:30-12:00
Room:
AUDITORIUM IX, Päärakennus / Main Building
Chair:
Maria Pacheco Figueiredo

Contribution

This paper presents a study of experienced teachers’ views of the key elements of their professional knowledge repertoire within the context of clarifying the complex web of the teacher knowledge base. Teaching is widely acknowledged as a complex endeavour requiring skills, competences and dispositions across a broad spectrum including knowledge of subject matter, knowledge of learners, individual difference, and knowledge of pedagogy (Ball & Cohen, 1999, Meirink et al. 2007, Shulman, 1986, 1987). Recent research on the professions and on teaching indicate that the relational dimension of teacher knowledge may be one which heretofore has been somewhat neglected in the research literature (Grossman, 2008, Heggen, 2008). Nevertheless all acknowledge that teaching remains greater than the sum of its parts. The essence of teacher knowledge is frequently described as tacit and beyond the conscious awareness of the practitioner (Schon, 1983). The tacit knowledge of the experienced practitioner is frequently evident in the teachers’ ability to merge and draw from a broad range of skills and knowledge for on the spot problem-solving in the course of the school day (Meijer et al, 2002). Studies on professional knowledge acknowledge that it is characterised by the ability to integrate theoretical, practical knowledge to inform autonomous decision making. While the aforementioned elements of teaching are understood and frequently embedded in teacher education, the essence of how experienced teachers weave the complex web of teaching remains a ‘black box’ (Hargreaves, 2000). The nature of teacher knowledge has moved to the forefront in educational policy developments in recent years largely influenced by reports from international and transnational organisations (OECD, 2005, EU, 2005, 2007) linking ‘quality teaching’ to improved outcomes for learners.  While these reports are largely based on educational research, they rarely include the views of practitioners.   A number of recent efforts to broaden the understanding of the knowledge base of teaching include creating a place for teachers’ views alongside those of researchers and policy makers (Heggen, 2008, Grossman et al. 2005) through documenting the practices of teaching using cases, video records and accounts of practice (Grossman & Mc Donald, 2008). Attempts have also been made to unravel the complex web of teacher knowledge using collaborative and peer dialogues (Orland-Barak, 2006). This research study aims to explore the aspects of teacher knowledge considered important by teachers.

Method

The study instrument was broadly based on a study reported by Heggen, (2008) which examined how professionals including teachers rated the importance of areas of academic knowledge, practical knowledge and relational knowledge to their work. Projective techniques using sentence completion instruments to stimulate free responses were used to ascertain the views of experienced teachers on three broad areas of teacher knowledge. Fifty experienced teachers engaged in a professional development programme were asked to prioritise and elaborate on the practical, theoretical and relational knowledge they considered important for teaching. Textual content analysis took place in order to identify recurring themes. Based on this analysis a number of key areas considered of importance to teachers emerged. Follow up focus groups sessions were set up with teachers using these themes to explore commonalities and to gain deeper insight into the responses.

Expected Outcomes

Preliminary pilot work on this study reveals some insights. While teachers acknowledge the importance of content knowledge and academic skills for teaching, people skills and managing relationships emerge as of great importance for teachers in negotiating the complex situations in their working lives. It is expected that this study will reveal the areas of knowledge considered important by teachers in their practice. While policy makers and researchers on teacher knowledge tend to emphasise content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge experienced teachers may focus more on the relational aspects of their practice. The themes emerging from this study will be used to inform a larger study of teachers in order to gain an understanding of the ‘deep smarts’, the acknowledged but frequently misunderstood processes of decision making and judgements of experienced teachers.

References

Ball, D. L., & Cohen, D. C. (1999). Developing practice, developing practitioners: Toward a practice-based theory of professional education. In L. Darling-Hammond & G. Sykes (Eds.), Teaching as the learning profession: Handbook of policy and practice (pp. 3-32). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Commission of the European Communities (CEC) (2005) Common European Principles for Teacher and Trainer Competences and Qualifications. Brussels: European Commission. http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/2010/doc/principles_en.pdf CEC (2007) Improving the Quality of Teacher Education. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels: European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/education/com392_en.pdf Grossman, P. (2008) Responding to Our Critics: From Crisis to Opportunity in Research on Teacher Education, Journal of Teacher Education 59; 10 Grossman, P., Mc Donald, M. (2008) Back to the Future: Directions for Research in Teaching and Teacher Education, American Educational Research Journal, 45 (1): 184 –205. Heggen, K. (2008). Social workers, teachers and nurses - from college to professional work. Journal of Education and Work, 21: 3, 217—231 Meijer, P.C., Zanting, A., Verloop, N. (2002) How can student teachers elicit experienced teachers’ practical knowledge? Tools, suggestions, and significance, Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 5: 406-419. Meirink, J. A., Meijer, P. C. & Verloop, N. (2007) A closer look at teachers' individual learning in collaborative settings, Teachers and Teaching, 13:2, 145 — 164 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2005). Teachers matter: attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers, Education and Training Policy, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris: OECD. Orland-Barak, L. (2006). Convergent, divergent and parallel dialogues: Knowledge construction in professional conversations. Teachers and Teaching, 12(1), 1–12. Schön, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Shulman, L.S. (1986) Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching, Educational Researcher, 15, (2): 4-14. Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform, Harvard Educational Review, 51, 1-22.

Author Information

University College Dublin
Dublin
University College Dublin, Ireland, Republic of

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