Online People Tagging: Social Mobile Network(ing) Services and Work-based Learning
Author(s):
John Cook (presenting / submitting) Norbert Pachler (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2012
Format:
Paper

Session Information

02 SES 06 A, Digital Support For Learning: Perspectives For VET And Adult Learners

Parallel Paper Session

Time:
2012-09-19
15:30-17:00
Room:
FCT - Aula 21
Chair:
M'Hamed Dif

Contribution

Social and mobile technologies offer users unprecedented opportunities for communicating, interacting, sharing, meaning-making, content and context generation etc. And, these affordances are in constant flux driven by a powerful interplay between technological innovation and emerging cultural practices. Significantly, also, they are starting to transcend the everyday life-worlds of users and permeate the workplace and its practices. However, given the emergent nature of this area, the literature on the use of social and mobile technologies in workplace practices is small. Our main focus will, therefore, be on the question of what, if any, potential there is for the use of social media in informal, professional, work-based learning. The paper provides a critical overview of key issues from the literature on work-based learning, face-to-face and technology supported, as well as social (mobile) networking services with particular attention being paid to people tagging. It will then introduce an initial typology of informal workplace learning in order to provide a frame for understanding social (mobile) network(ing) services in work-based learning. In the main our typology seeks to serve as an explanatory, analytical frame as well as a starting point for discussion about attendant issues, rather than provide a definitive map of the field. Briefly, the main nodes and branches of the typology are as follows. 1. Contexts Factors: a) work process with learning as a by-product, b) learning activities located within work or learning processes, and c) learning processes at or near the workplace. 2. Learning Factors: a) individual self-regulation, b) self-representation, c) cognitive load, and d) personal learning networks (group or distributed self-regulation). 3. People Tagging Factors: a) efficiency gains, b) cost reduction, c) expert finding, and e) people tagging tactics. A brief case study of people tagging in digital social networks in the European Commission funded MATURE project is used to illustrate aspects of our typology. Where we see a mapping to the above typology we note the relevant link, in the description of the case, in italics-brackets (we call this an indicator). Very briefly, the MATURE Project (http://mature-ip.eu) conceives individual workplace learning processes to be interlinked (the output of a learning process is input to others) in a knowledge-maturing process in which knowledge changes in nature. We conclude the paper by proposing that the answer to our research question (about social media in informal work-based learning) is that the potential is considerable, although as we will show there is need for further work. Furthermore, the analysis of MATURE example has, we claim, proved productive and we suggest that the typology we have developed has the potential to provide a fruitful tool for further exploration of the field. For example, on the basis of our analysis, we can see certain gaps in the sense that of some indicators were absent in the MATURE case analysis; on this basis we claim that learning factor indicators that would seem to be areas where future work on computer-based scaffolding could be needed are: individual self-regulation, self-representation and personal learning networks.

Method

A critical literature review, typology and analyzed case are used to provide a frame to assist our understanding of the under-researched area of social (mobile) network(ing) services in work-based learning. The review is structured into three sections: ‘Work-based learning, face-to-face and technology supported’, ‘Social Network(ing) Sites and Social Media’ and ‘Tagging and people tagging’. Our typology of factors seeks to serve as an explanatory, analytical frame as well as a starting point for discussion about attendant issues, rather than provide a definitive map of the field. That said, the case study of FP7 IP MATURE elaborates on our typology in a real work-based context. Where we see a mapping to our typology we note the relevant link, in the description of the case, in italics-brackets (we call this an indicator). The analysis using the typology provides a project overview of: issues covered, issues of concern and areas for future work.

Expected Outcomes

By examining the indicator list that is output from the analysis of the case, we can say that indicators surrounding aggregated trustworthiness cropped up 5 times and that this is a indicator that is clearly worthy of further exploration. Learning factor indicators surrounding individual self-regulation and indicators around self-representation only cropped up in a peripheral manner; indicators around personal learning networks were difficult to detect in the case study; these indicators would seem to be areas where computer-based scaffolding could be needed to provide guidance. Factors around people tagging were well covered (as expected). Thus the purpose of our critical review, typology and case have been to provide a frame to assist our understanding of social (mobile) network(ing) services in work-based learning. Rather than provide a definitive map of the field, our model provides an explanatory, analytical frame and as such a starting point for the discussion of attendant issues.

References

Bernstein, M., Tan, D., Smith, G., Czerwinski, M., & Horvitz, E. (2009). Collabio: A Game for Annotating People within Social Networks. Proceedings of ACM UIST 2009. October. Braun, S., Kunzmann, C., & Schmidt, A. (2010). People tagging & ontology maturing: towards collaborative competence management. In D. Randall & P. Salembier (Eds.), CSCW to Web2.0: European Developments in Collaborative Design Selected Papers from COOP08, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 133-154). Springer. Braun, S., Kunzmann, C., & Schmidt, A. (2012). Semantic People Tagging & Ontology Maturing: An Enterprise Social Media Approach to Competence Management. submitted to International Journal of Knowledge & Learning. Dabbagh, N., & Kitsantas, A. (2011). Personal learning environments, social media, and self-regulated learning: a natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning. The Internet and Higher Education. Eraut, M. (2000). Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(1), 113-136. Eraut, M. (2004). Informal learning in the workplace. Studies in Continuing Education, 26(2), 247-273. Eraut, M. (2007). Learning from other people in the workplace. Oxford Review of Education, 33(4), 403-422. Eraut, M. (2008). How professionals learn through work. Huang, Y.-M., Liu, C.-H., & Tsai, C.-C. (2011). Applying social tagging to manage cognitive load in a Web 2.0 self-learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments. Jessen, J., & Jørgensen, A. (2012). Aggregated trustworthiness: redefining online credibility through social validation. First Monday, 17(1). Pachler, N., Bachmair, B., & Cook, J. (2010). Mobile Learning: Structures, Agency, Practices. Springer. Rajagopal, K., Brinke, D., van Bruggen, J., & Sloep, P. (2012). Understanding personal learning networks: their structure, content and the networking skills needed to optimally use them. First Monday, 17(1).

Author Information

John Cook (presenting / submitting)
London Metropolitan University
Learning Technology Research Institute
London
Norbert Pachler (presenting)
Institute of Education, London
London

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