History of Literature at Secondary School: integrating writing, reading, and oral interaction as a learning tool
Author(s):
Xavier Fontich (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2012
Format:
Paper

Session Information

27 SES 02 B, Parallel Paper Session

Parallel Paper Session

Time:
2012-09-18
15:15-16:45
Room:
ESI 3 - Aula 7
Chair:
Meinert Arnd Meyer

Contribution

In this proposal we describe an action-research project on History of Literature (from now on HL) developed in a secondary-level school (15-16 years old students) in Barcelona. Literature education has been an important field of educational research in Spain over the last 15 years. School has traditionally focused on HL, with a major attention on authors, literary movements, and rhetoric. Concepts such as ‘literary competence’ (Colomer, 1998) have opened an avenue for research, as well as contributions regarding the canon (Colomer, 2005), narratology mechanisms (Delmiro, 2002), intertextuality (Mendoza, 2001), literature and cinema (Ambròs & Breu, 2007), metafictional picture books (Silva-Diaz, 2005), literature for integrating newcomer students (Fittipaldi, 2011), or oral interaction and reading skills (Gil, 2011). However, HL is still a part of the official curriculum in Spain and few innovative contributions have been developed (Sánchez-Enciso, 2007), especially regarding changes in (i) teacher-centered discourse and learning-by-heart assignments as basic procedures; (ii) no integration of writing, reading, and oral abilities; and (iii) chronology as main criteria to organize content.
Research questions. (i’) How can we develop collaborative settings (and the use of ICT) in teaching HL?; (ii’) How can we integrate writing, reading, and oral abilities as a learning tool?; and (iii’) How can we organize a course on HL from the middle ages to the present days starting out not with medieval but with romantic texts?
Objectives. (1) To read a romantic poem in class and to discuss its symbolic references. (2) To establish this poem as an entrance to authors in the past. (3) To enhance reading comprehension of students through writing and oral assignments about information sources. (5) To develop writing skills focusing on writing process. (4) To validate a model (that of Didactic Sequence) for literature education by comparing initial and final texts and by exploring how the problems have been sorted out all along the project.
Conceptual framework.
(A) A Model for Literature Education. We follow the model of Didactic Sequence (DS) created and developed at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain) in collaboration with schools (Camps, 2003, Camps & Zayas, 2006), and inspired by cooperative and self-regulated learning models (Knoll, 1997; Wenger, 1998; Hakkarainen & Paavola, 2009; Perry, 2002).
(B) Literature education. We adopt a cultural anthropology perspective on the construct of ‘History’ (Friedman, 1992) and explore the controversial concept of ‘teleology’ regarding historical phenomena (Coyle et al. 1990). 
(C) Didactics research. We see learning as a process for sharing discursive contexts (Cazden, 2001) through an exploratory dialogue (Chambers, 2001; Mercer & Littleton, 2007), and classroom as a natural context for didactics research (Bronckart, 1989). We adopt an action-research perspective (McKernan, 1996) and stress the importance of a rich context with multiple affordances and scaffolding processes (van Lier, 2004).
(D) Communicative abilities. We consider the importance of integrating writing-reading as a learning tool (Tynjälä et al. 2001) for “knowledge transformation” (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987), as well as the importance of oral interaction (Mercer, 2000).

Method

The poem ‘La Pàtria’ (‘The homeland’) is explored collaboratively. Written in 1833 by B.C. Aribau, it is in tune with Romanticism imaginary, connecting the ideas of ‘homeland’, ‘mother tongue’, and ‘the glorious medieval past’. The class is divided into small groups focused each one on literary periods the poem refers to. Each group explores different sources of information in order to write an essay. The teacher shows one problem: these essays reproduce the form of the sources consulted (technical vocabulary, complex syntax…) but the concepts appear wrongly connected. She suggests addressing the texts to five-graders (10-11 years old), and this will bring students to adapt and ‘transform’ knowledge. Some decisions are made: to invite the five-graders’ teacher in order to ask her questions about the new addressee; to explore five-graders’ text books from a grammar perspective; to give them a test of previous knowledge on HL; and to give them an oral conference. We contrast an initial and a final essay of one of the groups, and we organize a collective edition of a short video report on all the process.

Expected Outcomes

The class has turned into a high functioning learning community, improving students’ commitment and learning. Unlikely traditional transmissive settings, students and teacher have worked together using processes of inquiry and problem solving. A jointly interpretation of the poem as an entrance to HL has shed light not only to the poem itself but to authors and literary movements. Identifying an addressee for the essays has made students adapt and transform knowledge. A final oral exposition and a video report have helped students to visualize the project from the final results and from the process. Regarding the evolution and improvement of the essays, we can compare an initial and a final text. On both there appear complex syntax structures (subordinate sentences, appositions…), specific vocabulary (authors, movements…), formal academic style (avoiding using the 1st person singular, using passive constructions...), paragraphs, etc. But while in the former text information is actually gathered together making no real sense, in the latter students tend to select less information and to structure it in a clear way. We think this is due to the fact that the whole learning project has been developed in a real communicative context.

References

Ambròs, A., Breu, R. (2007). Cine y educación. Barcelona: Graó. Bereiter, C., Scardamalia, M. (1987). The psychology of written composition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bronckart, J. P. (1989) Du statut des didactiques des matières scolaires, Langue française, 82, p. 53-66. Camps, A. (ed.) (2003) Seqüències didàctiques per aprendre a escriure. Barcelona: Graó. Cazden, C. B. (2001) Classroom Discourse. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Chambers, A. (2001) Tell me. London: Thimble Press. Colomer, T. (1998) La formación del lector literario. Madrid: FGSR. Colomer, T. (2005) Andar entre libros. México: FCE. Coyle, M. et al. (eds.) (1990) Encyclopaedia of Literature and Criticism. London: Routledge. Delmiro, B. (2002) La escritura creativa en las aulas. Barcelona. Graó. Fittipaldi, M. (2011) Diversos lectores, diferentes lecturas. In ANILIJ, La diversidad cultural y la LIJ. Vigo: UVi (en premsa). Friedman, J. (1992) Myth, History, and Political Identity, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 7(2), p. 194-210. Gil, R. (2011) L'àlbum il•lustrat, Articles, 56, p.42-52. Hakkarainen, K. & Paavola, S. (2009) Toward a trialogical approach to learning. In B. Schwarz et al. (Eds.) Transformation of knowledge through classroom interaction. London: Routledge. Knoll, M. (1997). The project method. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 34 (3), 59-80. McKernan, J. (2001) Curriculum action research. London: Kogan Page. Mendoza, A. (2001) El intertexto lector. Cuenca: UCLM. Mercer N., Littleton, K. (2007) Dialogue and the development of children’s thinking. New York, NY: Routledge. Mercer, N. (2000) Words and Minds. London: Routledge Perry, N. E. (2002) Introduction. Educational Psychologist, 37, 1-4. Sánchez-Enciso, J. (2007) (Con)vivir en la palabra. Barcelona: Graó. Silva-Díaz, M. C. (2005) Libros que enseñan a leer.. Bellaterra: UAB. [www.tdx.cat] Tynjälä, P. et al. (Eds.) Writing as a learning tool. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic . Van Lier, L. (2004) The ecology and semiotics of language education. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Author Information

Xavier Fontich (presenting / submitting)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona - UAB
Didàctica de la llengua i la literatura
Bellaterra - Cerdanyola del Vallès

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