Promoting Student Teachers' Lesson Analysis Skills: Difficulties and Problems Faced During the Training Sessions
Author(s):
Kaja Oras (presenting / submitting) Edgar Krull
Conference:
ECER 2013
Format:
Paper

Session Information

10 SES 10 B, Success in Teacher Education?

Paper Session

Time:
2013-09-12
15:30-17:00
Room:
A-202
Chair:
Edgar Krull
Discussant:
Kåre Heggen

Contribution

Promoting student teachers’ lesson analysis skills is one of the major elements of teacher education as it provides student teachers with feedback on planning and interaction phases of instruction.  There are numerous studies that focus on issues related to teaching lessons and their analysis or promoting teachers’ reflective thinking in general (for example, Eilam and Poyas 2006, White 2009). However, empirical studies, in which the promotion of lesson analysis and observation skills is based on specific instructional models, are less common.  
In a study of teachers’ perceptual and thinking skills, when asked to comment videotaped lessons, teachers mentioned classroom activities that can be mostly identified as the instructional events in Gagné’s model of instructional unit (Krull et al. 2007). These instructional events are gaining attention, informing the learner of the learning objectives, stimulating recall of prior learning, presenting the material for learning, providing learning guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback, assessing performance and enhancing retention and transfer (Gagné 1985; Gagné & Driscoll 1988).  The rest of the comments can be distributed into two additional categories that are related to organisation and management of general class activities and to the general teaching strategy and classroom atmosphere (Krull et al. 2007).  The study also revealed that expert teachers commented on lesson events more frequently and their comments were more relevant than that of beginning teachers. This difference was appeared in all lesson events reflected in Gagné’s model of instructional events. In the second study, an experimental training course was carried out with student teachers. The experimental intervention consisted in student teachers’ participation in three sessions involving procedures of the guided analysis of videotaped lessons and writing lesson analysis reports. Although the experimental group progressed more than the control group, as was revealed by the qualitative content analysis of lesson analysis reports written in the beginning and end of training sessions, its progress in lesson analysis skills was relatively modest in comparison with the control group that did not participate in the training sessions. A hypothetical explanation for the student teachers’ rather poor progress was lack of quality supervision and feedback on student lesson analysis reports written for training purposes. The actual training procedure foresaw three sessions of observing and analysing videotaped lessons (Krull et al. 2010). By end of every session student teachers submitted their lesson analysis reports in correspondence with given guidelines. According to these guidelines student teachers had to comment on the presence and delivery quality of critical instructional events. Unfortunately, when the experiment was carried out the researchers, due to the lack of resources, could not sufficiently pay attention to the analysis of the submitted training reports with participating student teachers.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the lesson analysis reports written by student teachers in training sessions with a purpose of improving the quality of training students’ skills of lesson analysis.     

Method

The research subjects who wrote the lesson analysis reports in training sessions of the mentioned study were student teachers of Tartu University, Estonia, during their 10-week pre-service school practicum. The student teachers participated in the study on a voluntary basis. There were 12 student teachers who submitted their initial and final lesson analysis reports and participated in special seminars with subsequent independent work for writing lesson analysis reports. The student teachers’ lesson analysis reports submitted during the training seminars were analyzed mostly using the same methodology that were used to analyze pretest and posttest reports (Krull et al 2010). At first, lesson analysis reports were processed using methods of qualitative content analysis with a following statistical comparison of identified categories of idea units. In sum, the content analysis was carried out in three stages. In stage one student teachers’ comments in their lesson analyses were divided into idea units; then in stage two the identified idea units were broken into categories of lesson events; in stage three the idea units were additionally identified as talk about teaching, learning or joint leaning-teaching activities.

Expected Outcomes

A preliminary analysis revealed that the average number of words in student teachers’ lesson analysis training reports gradually decreased from the beginning to the end of the experimentation period: it was 684,7 words in the first analysis, 536,1 words in the second analysis and only 449,9 in the third lesson analysis report. There were considerable individual differences between submitted lesson analysis reports: in the case of few students the number of words used in three reports practically didn’t change while in case of the other students the number of words gradually dropped being almost twice less by the end of the training session. Described changes in the nature of reports may be a consequence of poor feedback on submitted lesson analysis reports to the participating student teachers that allowed less-motivated students to take the given task too superficially.

References

Eilam, B. and Poyas, Y. (2006). Promoting awareness of characteristics of classroom complexity: A course curriculum in teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22 (3), 337-351. Gagné, R. M. (1985). The conditions of learning (4th ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Gagné, R. M. & Driscoll, M. P. (1988). Essentials of learning for instruction (2d ed). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Krull, E., Oras, K. and Pikksaar, E. (2010). Promoting student teachers’ lesson analysis and observation skills by using Gagné’s model of an instructional unit. Journal of Education for Teaching, 36 (2), 197-210. Krull, E., Oras, K. and Sisask, S. (2007). Differences in teachers’ comments on classroom events as indicators of their professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23 (7), 1038-1050. White, S. (2009). Articulation and re-articulation: Development of a model for providing quality feedback to pre-service teachers on practicum. Journal of Education for Teaching, 35 (2), 123-132.

Author Information

Kaja Oras (presenting / submitting)
University of Tartu
Tartu
University of Tartu, Estonia

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