Development of Teaching Academics on Academic Labour Market in Germany: Towards an Evaluative Framework
Author(s):
Natalia Karmaeva (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2013
Format:
Paper

Session Information

22 SES 05 D, Academic Work and Professional Development

Paper Session

Time:
2013-09-11
11:00-12:30
Room:
STD-402
Chair:
Britten Ekstrand

Contribution

Transformation of academic work and academic labour market structures are coupled processes (see Musselin, 2011). When considering the drivers of these transformations, the new public management policies (implementation of the market principles into evaluation of academic work and the funding distribution) and the general cost-cutting measures can be mentioned (see for example Henkel, 2000; Krücken, Kosmützky, Torka, 2007). Recent research demonstrates that junior faculty academics are experiencing growing risks of discontinuity of careers, as well as employment insecurity (see Burchardt, Bloch, 2010; Kehm, 2011; Klecha, Reimer, 2008; Bloch et al. 2011; Gülker, 2010). It can be assumed, that the changes in the structures of academic work coordination and its content mean the colliding behavioral logics and shifting incentives for professional development for individuals. At the same time, there is a debate about the implementation of jobs in German universities with teaching assignments only as well as the growing awareness that such jobs would be a “dead end” in terms of the professional development opportunities they offer (Nickel, 2011) and specifically due to the lacking infrastructures for career advancement. Especially criticized are the jobs in teaching during the qualification stage (combined with doing a doctorate). Thus, the question about relative disadvantage on the academic labour market requires investigation. Disadvantage or lack of development on individual level has to be considered both in terms of opportunities and agency (see Alkire, 2005; Sen & Nussbaum, 1987). In the current paper, it will be stressed that in the situation of transformation of higher education, which leads to changing relationship between different components of academic work, the evaluation of individual development should have a stronger focus not only on the available opportunities but also on individual agency. The evaluation of structures vis-a-vis agency can make an important informative basis for policy-making. This paper is a part of the research project, which aims at answering the questions about what characterizes the structural embeddedness of the behavior of academics on academic labour market and what kind of consequences does it have for the development of junior academics who teach? The current paper will have a focus on the second question, stressing specifically the importance of the evaluation of agency of teaching academics in the context of their professional biography. Some empirical findings will be provided.

Method

The data was collected in two universities in Germany (university and the technical university were considered). The qualitative problem-centered interviews (Witzel, 1985), supported by a short biographical questionnaire were carries out. The problem centered interviews are especially designed for analyzing individual labour market transitions. They allow relating the individual motives and aspirations to the structural factors which convert them. The participants were the junior faculty academics with teaching assignments, in the career stages before the completion of the doctoral studies, after, as well as in the habilitation stage; eight female and eight male participants. The analysis was carried out using the grounded theory coding techniques (Corbin & Strauss (2008), as well as the system analysis procedure developed by Froschauer and Lüger (2009). The latter was applied for writing memos and covered the agency aspects of development of teaching academics. The results of both analytical procedures were integrated in the presentation of results.

Expected Outcomes

The analysis of the empirical data showed that the disadvantage on the academic labour or lack of development on individual level have both agentic and opportunities dimensions. The opportunity dimension shows the instances when teaching was not always relevant for the overall capability for academic work (while research practice and results perceived as more enabling; the same observation follows from the analysis of existing institutional structures). In the interviews the passages were identified were the situation of “conflict” due to the colliding behavioral logics was especially acute. The theoretically sensible memoing process allowed identifying two dimensions of agency relevant for the development of teaching academics in the interviews: autonomy as the ability for self-reflection and decision-making; resources (symbolic and material) which support or hinder this ability. These dimensions made the basis for evaluation. The unreflected habitual action, as well as reciprocal commitments, may block agency through expectations and delegation or postponing of decisions regarding own career. On one hand, reciprocal structures trigger behavioral logics and expectations. One the other hand, the behavioral logic following the idea of “a life of a scientist” requires “again think it over in a completely different way”, limiting both autonomy and resources for action.

References

Alkire S. (2005). Capability and Functionings: Definition & Justification Human Development and Capability Association Briefing Note. Bloch R. & Burkhardt A.(2010). Arbeitsplatz Hochschule und Forschung für wissenschaftliches Personal und Nachwuchskräfte [Düsseldorf: HBS]. Bloch R. et al. (2011). Personalreform zwischen föderaler Möglichkeit und institutioneller Wirklichkeit, In: Pasternack, P. (Hg.): Hochschulen nach der Föderalismusreform, Leipzig, S. 155-214. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures of developing grounded theory (3 rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Froschauer U. & Lueger M. (2009). Interpretative Sozialforschung: Der Prozess, Wien, facultas wuv UTB. Gülker S.(2010). Autonomer, aber weiter unsicher. Neue Führungspositionen haben das Karrieresystem in der deutschen Wissenschaft nur wenig verändert,[WZBrief Arbeit. Berlin: WZB. Henkel M.(2000). Academic Identities and Policy Change in Higher Education. [London and Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley]. Klecha S., Reimer M.(2008). Wissenschaft als besonderer Arbeitsmarkt, Grundtypologien des Umgangs mit unsicherer Beschäftigung beim wissenschaftlichen Personal, in: Die Beschäftigungssituation von wissenschaftlichem Nachwuchs, eds. Klecha, Stephan, Krumbein, Wolfgang [Wiesbaden]: 13-87. Krücken G., Kosmützky A. & Torka M. (Eds.) (2007), Towards a Multiversity? Universities between Global Trends and National Traditions [Science Studies. Bielefeld: transcript]: 264 S. Musselin C. (2011), The Academic Workplace. What we already know, what we still do not know, what we would like to know, in: Knowledge Matters. The Public Mission of the Research University, eds. Rhoten, D. and Calhoun, C. [New York, Columbia University Press]: 423-457. Nickel S. (2011) (Hrsg.) Der Bologna-Prozess aus Sicht der Hochschulforschung. Analysen und Impulse für die Praxis. CHE Arbeitspapier. 148. [Gütersloh: Centrum für Hochschulentwicklung gGmbH,]. Nussbaum M. & Sen A.(1987). Internal Criticism and Indian Rationalist Traditions. World Institute of Development Economics Research of the United Nations. WP 30. Witzel A (1985). Das problemzentrierte Interview, in: Qualitative Forschung in der Psychologie. Grundfragen, Verfahrensweisen, Anwendungsfelder, ed. Jüttemann, G. [Weinheim und Basel: Beltz, 1985]: 227-256.

Author Information

Natalia Karmaeva (presenting / submitting)
Bielefeld University
Research School Education and Capabilities
Bielefeld

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