Digital Storytelling (DST) As A Treatment For High School Students (grade 12-13) With School-Related Burnout Syndrome
Author(s):
Nora Kunos (presenting / submitting) Anita Lanszki (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

ERG SES H 01, Challenges in Education

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-23
11:00-12:30
Room:
OB-E1.17 (ALE 1)
Chair:
Ninetta Santoro

Contribution

The burnout syndrome is not entirely unknown within school walls. Not only teachers are exposed but the same can be said about students like many international studies point to it (Walburg, 2014). Due to the regular experience of negative impulses students fatigue emotionally, they display a cynical attitude towards school and they go through a continuous feeling of incompetence when it comes to their tasks. This long-lasting phlegmatic state takes a negative effect on their motivation, on vision of their future and moreover they can experience psychosomatic symptoms that can even lead to depression (Kunos, 2015). Our assumption is that digital storytelling (DST) could relieve students' burnout symptoms or even end them.

Therapeutic effects of DST are confirmed by two international projects.

The Cambridge-program Patient Voices incorporated it in its e-learning curriculum in order to increase the quality of its healthcare services (Lambert, 2013). The initial goal of their educational program was to make healthcare more benign with personal stories of their patients in addition to the usual statistics and diagrams. Since these stories pointed to trauma, nurses and doctors could come face-to-face with the defects of the system. Self-therapy was thought to have surfaced as a likely positive "side effect" .

Amy Hill (Lambert, 2013) had prevention of agression in society in mind when started Silence Speaks, a 2002 project that involved topics of human rights and public health with the aid of DST.

The trauma that happened on institutional, community or family level, happened on an individual level, yet similarities could be established which helped forming a group-identity and thus assume the effect on one another.

In Hungary, Szemán and the Anthropolis Association uses the procedure for the therapy of individuals traumatized by modern day slavery (Szemán, 2015). Szemán's interpretation is that DST is related to art therapy, technical media and various empowerment procedures and regards it as an effective instrument while it also increases self esteem because the creators experience their technical competence and at the same time, through sharing their incidents, the level of acceptance towards themselves also increases within the group. The stories help developing a positive vision of the future by placing them in wider perspective.

Our present study points out what the therapeutic effects on school students' burnout syndrome entail:

1, Students can restructure their perspective on time (ZTPI, 2008)

With the aid of the narrative structure students can reanimate events by their correct cronological order and tend to think in terms of past, present and future in connection to one another and realize in a coherent fassion what factors led to the current situation.

2, DST's effect on problem solving is proven (Hung, Hwang, Huang, 2012). The method, via mental and manual activity, affords student with the sense of "I can solve the problem".

3, Throughout the procedure students discover their abilities and capacities.

Research Questions:

- Do these digital stories (DS) connect students with their past, present and future?

- Do students feel the positive effect of how they relate to their situation by the end of the process?

- Do students feel more competent with regards to their situation after creating the DST?

Hypothesis:

1, Student diagnosed with burnout syndrome will reach higher marks in the categories of „past-negative” and „present-fatalistic” on the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory.

2, DST will help ease or end the symptoms of burnout syndrome by developing a sense of other time perspectives, like „past-positive”, „present hedonistic” or/and „future oriented”.

Throughout the creative process students will point to the prologue of their burnout in a structured narrative, identify their present situation and foresee their future options.

Method

Our study derived from the fact that burnout syndrome can be diagnosed among Hungarian high school students and that to this present day nobody payed enough attention for its prevention and treatment (Kunos, 2015). Methods of digital storytelling came to mind as a possible solution because of its previously mentioned proven therapeutic effects. The targeted age group are students just before their graduation, students have to make a career choice or will start their first jobs. In their case it make sense to emphasize organised therapy before they finally finish their education. Criteria entail that the participating teachers already familiar with methods of DST and that the facilitating teachers will afford students with online availability. Due chiefly to the intense emotional effects, involvement of school psychologists are also advised. In the preliminaries students filled out a version of School Burnout Inventory that is adopted in Hungary (Salmela-Aro K. K., 2009). The 9-item, 6-dial Likert-scale examines three areas of the burnout syndrome (along with typical subcomponents): fatigue, cynical attitude, feeling of incompetence. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) has also been employed. For volunteer students diagnosed with burnout syndrome a Story Circle course was held during which the researchers familiarized the part takers with the technical, temathical and ethical aspects of Digital Storytelling. The students then, with the aid of the researchers, created their own stories. At the end 12 stories have been made. In the presence of the researchers and school psychologists, the movies were viewed in a private, restricted environment. Following the event a group interview was held where questions were directed to subjects of cause determination, problem solving (Did the process help surfacing the problem?), effects of self-therapy (Did the presentation of the problem help the process of the trauma?), the creation of a constructive vision of the future (Did the subject arrive at a solution by the end of the text?), and areas of capacities (Do the subject believe that by showing the movies publicly, it could have a positive effect on school atmosphere?). At the end the researchers analised the displayed strategies via examination of the digital stories' contents.

Expected Outcomes

After examination of the questionnaires it became apparent that, according to the previously analised data, it shows a 14% representation while approx. 60% of the students are exposed in at least one dimension. Students were happy to take part in the belief that finding a solution to their own problems will also be possible this way. Twelve students' digital stories were made in length of 2-4 minutes; the students viewed them in the presence of the researchers, after which they shared their experiences in a group interview. The hypothesis of the study, namely by creating digital stories and telling about one's burnout syndrome presents valid solutions and considerably helps self-therapy, was found well supported. Students could tell their stories, could verbally and graphically present their problems. Aside from this opportunity for ventillation, the significance of the process is that the experience fragments' narrative presentation helped the comprehension of a causal order and the determination of the origine of the burnout syndrome. Students could place themselves and their situation in context and could reveal the social and time relations of their problems. This afforded them with the opportunity the recall their past in a new and positive narrative and comprehension. The narrative structure and storytelling warrants a summary on their thoughts and brings about a conclusion and moral of the story. At this point a positive outlook on capacities and vision of their future could be realised and presented in the digital story. During viewing of these stories students could also learn about problem solving methods of others

References

Hung, C., Hwang, G.-J., & Huang, I. (2012). A Project-based Digital Storytelling Approach for Improving Students' Learning Motivation, Problem-Solving Competence and Learning Achievement. Educational Technology and Society, 368-379. Kunos, N. (2015). School-Related Burnout among Hungarian High School Students and Responsibility of Teachers in Prevention – a New Aspect of Teachers’ Competences. ECER. Lambert, J. (2013). Digital Storytelling, Capturing Lives, Creating Community. New York. Murberg, T. A., & Bru, E. (2003). School-related stress and psychosomatic symptoms among Norwegian adolescents. School Psychology International, 317-332. Salmela-Aro, K. K. (2008). Does School Matter? The Role of School Context in Adolescents’ School-Related Burnout. European Psychologist, vol. 13(1). Salmela-Aro, K. K. (2009). School Burnout Inventory (SBI) reliability and validity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, n25, v48–57. Szemán, D. (2015). A digitális történetmesélés (DST) alkalmazási lehetőségei a modernkori rabszolgaság következtében traumatizált emberekkel folytatott segítőmunka keretein belül. Budapest: Anthropolis Egyesület. Walburg, V. (2014). Burnout among High School Students: A Literature Review. . Children and Youth Services Review. Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The Time Paradox. Washington: Atria Books

Author Information

Nora Kunos (presenting / submitting)
Eszterhazy Karoly College
Pedagogical Doctoral School
Miskolc
Anita Lanszki (presenting)
Doctoral School of Education Eszterházy Károly Universiy of Applied Sciences, Hungary
Budapest

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