When Research Informs Practice: Building on Beginning Teachers' Voices when Developing a Teacher Education Program
Author(s):
Lilja M. Jonsdottir (presenting / submitting)
Conference:
ECER 2016
Format:
Paper

Session Information

10 SES 04 A, Research Informed Teacher Education? Perspectives from Iceland, Turkey, Russia and the US

Paper Session

Time:
2016-08-24
09:00-10:30
Room:
NM-G107
Chair:
Anna Beck

Contribution

For quite some time educational research has faced criticism due to the fact that the findings from the research have not sufficiently managed to guide educational practice, whether it is teacher education in general or classroom practice. Back in 1984, Elliot W. Eisner wrote: "This experience [as a faculty member at three research-oriented universities] made it increasingly clear to me that research findings ... seldom - indeed, hardly ever - enter into the deliberations of faculties". What is the reason for this? One cannot help but wonder whether, or rather to what extent, this holds true still today. It seems that these concerns still persist (e.g. Vanderlinde and van Braak 2010), however, there are of course exceptions which point to the contrary. - This proposed paper will attempt to illuminate the positive evidence through examples of how educational research has indeed proven useful in practice. In this paper, the views of beginning teachers regarding their teacher education will be elucidated. The research findings in question consist of, on the one hand, longitudinal research that utilized the methods of narrative inquiry (e.g. Clandinin & Connelly, 2000) to explore the experiences of early career teachers during their first five years of teaching in grades one to ten in Iceland. On the other hand, the findings revolve around questionnaires with open questions which were sent to groups of beginning teachers at the end of their first year, for three consecutive years. One of the objectives of this research was to create knowledge which would make it possible to explore what kind of knowledge, skills and attitudes beginning teachers need, and if and how the findings could be used to improve teacher education. Accordingly, the research questions that pertain to these aims are as follows: 1) What did the novice teachers think of their teacher education program? 2) What did they find missing in the program?, and 3) What would they like to change in light of their (five years) experience of teaching? I intend to show how this research informed practice, i.e. how the research findings from these studies contributed to teacher education in Iceland, when, in 2009, it became a five-year Master’s Degree program: A new 25 ECTS course was created which simultaneously involves an extended period of practice teaching (a whole semester) and a weekly course-work at the University. The paper will moreover explicate the attitudes and views of the student teachers regarding this new 25 ECTS course, since one of its aims is to rigorously prepare them for the first year of teaching. The first group of teachers graduated from this new program in 2014. In order to explore whether this new course made a difference in the first year, a new study was initiated which involved formulating a new research question, namely: Do you find that the practice teaching and the course-work in year five (the "big" 25 ECTS course) was of benefit or useful to you during your first year of teaching? If so, how? As a result, the preliminary findings from this current study will be disclosed. The theoretical framework of the longitudinal study revolved both around phenomenology and postmodern theory (Creswell, 1998, 2007; Kvale, 1996; Taylor & Bogdan, 1998). And the central analytical perspective drew on the philosophy of narrative inquiry, which shaped the research methodology and the methods used. Given that this research has significantly informed and influenced the organization of teacher education in Iceland, it has the potential to impact education abroad as well as contribute to ongoing research in the field of teacher education in general.

Method

These studies used mixed methods in gathering data, i.e. both qualitative and quantitative methods were used, However, the paper will place particular emphasis on the longitudinal qualitative approach. That study focuses on the stories of five participants. Narrative inquiry requires cooperation between researcher and participants and the cooperative aspect in my research proved vital, given the fact that I was entering a very personal space in which I asked my participants to express their sense of wellbeing as novice teachers, their sense of accomplishment, as well as their sense of failure − and whether they perceived their teacher education as beneficial from the perspective of novice teachers. I met each participant once before they started teaching and two times during the first year of teaching. We then met after their second and third year of teaching, and the final meeting took place at the end of their fifth year. Additionally, I visited them in their classrooms in their third year of teaching, observed their teaching and their interaction with their students. I spoke briefly with some of their students, gathered field notes and took pictures in their classrooms. Data from the student teachers regarding the 25 ECTS course was gathered through the yearly students' evaluation survey. For the current study with the first year teachers who have already graduated from the new Master’s program, data was gathered from those who graduated in 2014 by phone interviewes, and then, in the coming spring, questionnaires for those who graduated in 2015 will be placed. In spite of different approaches to gathering data, the same open questions will be used.

Expected Outcomes

Findings from the longitudinal research, as well as from the questionnaire study, point in the same direction. The novice teachers felt that they had learnt a lot and that in most cases their initial teacher education program was helpful. However, they felt that it was "simply too short", and they realized that "naturally it was not possible to teach everything". These last words indicate the participants' view that teacher education is a lifelong process of learning (Hammerness, et al., 2005; Ingvarsdottir, 2002). What they found missing from their program was, e.g. how to interview parents, namely, they wanted to know "...much more about all this practical stuff". And they noted a desire to extend the period of practice teaching. Moreover, what they wanted to see in a new teacher education program was "more practical pedagogy; "I still feel [at the end of the fifth year] there should be more pedagogy, more concrete tasks directly linked to students", and they wanted to see a whole semester of practice teaching along with course-work at the university, or even a whole year. Many studies indicate similar ideas, e.g. a longitudinal study conducted by Johnson and Kardos (2002) at Harward University and a study by Linda Darling-Hammond (2000) concerning excellence in teacher education. During the planning phase of the above mentioned teacher education program at my faculty, the ideas from these studies, as well as the above findings, were introduced and the decision was made to create a 25 ECTS course, placed in the autumn of year five, which included a whole semester of practice teaching and a weekly course-work. Therefore, the findings here presented are an example of how research turned out to be "useful to practitioners" (Eisner, 1984). Preliminary findings of the current study will be presented as work in progress.

References

Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry. Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. A Wiley Company. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Darling-Hammond, L. (Ed.). (2000). Studies of excellence in teacher education: Preparation in undergraduate years. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education. Eisner, W. E. (1984). Can educational research inform educational practice? Phi Delta Kappan, 65(7), 447–452. Hammerness, K., Darling-Hammond, L. & Bransford, J. (2005). How teachers learn and develop. In Darling-Hammond, L. og Bransford, J. (Eds.). Preparing teachers for a changing world. What teachers should learn and be able to do (pp. 358–389). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Ingvarsdóttir, H. (2002) Lifandi tré fjölgar lengi greinum. Kennaramenntun í nútíð og framtíð. [For long the branches grow on a living tree. The present and future of teacher education]. Netla – Online Journal on Pedagogy and Education. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from: http://netla.khi.is/greinar/2002/005/02/index.htm Johnson, S. M. & Kardos, S. M. (2002). Keeping new teachers in mind. Educational Leadership, 59(6), 12–16. Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews. An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Taylor, S., & Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative research methods. A guidebook and resource. (3 rd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Vanderlinde, R. & van Braak, J. (2010). The gap between educational research and practice: views of teachers, school leaders, intermediaries and researchers. British Educational Research Journal, 36(2), 299–316.

Author Information

Lilja M. Jonsdottir (presenting / submitting)
University of Iceland
Faculty of Teacher Education
Reykjavik

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