Continuity and change. (Re)production of knowledge about university in the context of higher education reform in Poland
Author(s):
Helena Ostrowicka (submitting) Justyna Spychalska-Stasiak (presenting)
Conference:
ECER 2017
Format:
Paper

Session Information

28 SES 07 B, Changing Space-times of Education

Paper Session

Time:
2017-08-23
17:15-18:45
Room:
K4.20
Chair:
Jean-Louis Derouet

Contribution

Issue of this presentation signs in the aims of research project being implemented within the grant of National Centre of Science, titled Governmentality of University – a Discursive Image of the Contemporary Higher Education Reform in Poland.

The primary purpose of the paper is to portray an axis of visibility “problems” connected with university and higher education in scientific discourse in 2011-2014 in Poland. This particular period of time is important in view of the intensified public discussion on the shape of contemporary university due to the higher education reform introduced by the Act of the 18th March, 2011 on the amendment to the Law on Higher Education, Academic Degrees and Title and Degrees and Title in Art. We perceive these events – in accordance with Foucault’s analytics – as an ultimate point where knowledge-power reveals itself through its results, and as such is more visible and susceptible to examination.

In Poland, the issue of changes in higher education is mainly undertaken in the critical and political perspectives, and less frequently in the empirical one. Critical analyses of the changes introduced within the framework of the Bologna process and the creation of the European Higher Education Area frequently raise the problem of commercialization and transition to the “market-oriented” knowledge and higher education, based on “the paradigm of usefulness”. Adopting Foucault’s assumption about the discursive nature of social reality, we perceive the debate about the status and the role of university as “a struggle for meanings” and an attempt to implement in society particular versions of knowledge and academic education at the expense of their alternative versions. In this context, M. Kwiek’s pertinent observation that „never before has the UE educational policy set such similar goals and tasks and used such similar, though completely new in comparison to the previous decades, concepts and categories (e.g. employability, equality of access, partnerships with enterprises, education bonus, rate of return to education, education results, mobility, copayment, etc.)” seems to take on particular importance (Kwiek 2010, p. 3).

The period of preparation for the reform of the Minister B. Kudrycka, and then the process of its implementation was vividly interpreted and discussed in the public discourse. In our research we are interested in the analysis of (re) production of knowledge about the university (what is perceived ?, what is referred to?, what remains in the shadow?) in academic discourse is specified place and historical time.

We undertake the analysis through the categories of continuity and change. Starting from the concepts of "knowledge" and "scientific discourse" in which and through which manufactured and distributed the knowledge of the university, we will answer the following research questions:

1. What elements (resources) of university tradition are seen by academics as worth maintaining and continuing?

2. How and where does the discourse of change appear?

3. In what terms is scientific discourse about university resistant to present-day rhetoric of Europeization?

The category of knowledge we understand broadly, according to the tradition of the sociology of knowledge, i. e. by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, also knowledge understood in Foucault’s way as indivisible compilation of knowledge-power which reach their terms in the discourse. This kind of studies of discourse trend of combining these two perspectives (sociology if knowledge and M. Foucault’ s conception) are intensively developed on German soil, i. e. by Reiner Keller.

Method

The empirical basis of the study is a collection of 16 Polish scientific monographs, published in 2011-2014, which subject refers to university and higher education. Basic direction of our explorations is emergent and inductive and in line with the assumptions of the method of discourse analysis and categories referring to the archeology of Foucault: the surface of the emergence of the subject of discourse, differentiating patterns and instances of partitions discourses. These three basic categories define above-mentioned axes of visibility problem. Surfaces include the emergence of space and social relations within certain practices become the object of knowledge. It is a space where the specific domains of social life have been associated with the university and included in the "problems of the university." Diagrams provide differentiating standards and semantics for specific problematization. They refer to the criteria according to which certain phenomena are seen as problematic. Another rule - instances of demarcation - addresses questions about who / what defines certain phenomena as problems (economic, educational, political, ethical, and others). Based on these categories was established extensive tree code, allowing the reduction and representation of empirical data and derivation of conclusions. The whole of analyzes was realized with computer program supporting qualitative data analysis Atlas.ti.

Expected Outcomes

Preliminary analysis of the data revealed that interested for us analytical categories are located on the three main dimensions of discursive image of the university: past - present, locality - globality, continuity and change. Conducted research will lead to the expansion of ideographic resources of knowledge about construction (creation and transforming) problems connected with university and higher education in scientific discourse in Poland.

References

Bacchi C., Bonham J., (2014). Reclaiming discursive practices as an analytic focus: Political implications, Foucault Studies, No 17. Ball S.J. (1994). Education reform: A critical and post-structural approach. Buckingham: Open University Press. Diaz-Bone R. (2005). Zur Methodologisierung der Foucaultschen Diskursanalyse [48 Absätze]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(1), Art. 6, http://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs060168. Foucault, M. (2012). The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Vintage. Foucault, M. (1981). The Order of Discourse. In Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader (pp. 48–78). Boston, London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Keller R. (2012). Doing discourse research: an introduction for social scientists. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Kwiek M. (2010). Integracja europejska a europejska integracja szkolnictwa wyższego [European integration and European integration of education]. „Center for Public Policy Studies RPS”, V. 17. Kwiek M. (2015). Reformy uniwersytetów europejskich. Państwo dobrobytu jako brakujący kontekst badań i polityki publicznej [The Reforms of European Universities. Welfare State as a Missing Context for Research and Public Policy], edited by Z. Drozdowicz, S. Sztajer, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo”, vol. XXXIX, Poznań, pp. 165-196. Adam Mickiewicz University Press Lawn M., Grek S. (2012). Europeanising education: governing a new policy space, Symposium Books, Oxford. Melosik Z. (2009). Uniwersytet i społeczeństwo. Dyskursy wolności, wiedzy i władzy [University and society. Discourses of freedom, knowledge and power]. Kraków: Impuls. Ostrowicka H. (2015). Przemyśleć z Michelem Foucaultem edukacyjne dyskursy o młodzieży: dyspozytyw i urządzanie. [Rethinking educational discourses on youth with Michel Foucault: Dispositif and governmentality]. Kraków: Impuls. Taylor T. (1997). Critical Policy Analysis: exploring contexts, texts and consequences. “Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education”, No.1.

Author Information

Helena Ostrowicka (submitting)
Kazimierz Wielki University
Department of Pedagogy and Psychology
Bydgoszcz
Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland

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