Session Information
04 SES 14 A, Same, Same but Different? Heterogeneity in the Classroom and the Impact of Teachers’ Perceptions, Biases and Expectations
Symposium
Contribution
The increasing heterogeneity of the student population often poses a challenge for teachers, as they often feel inadequately prepared and therefore less positive about including students with special educational needs (SEN). In this context, research has indicated that a diagnosis or label of SEN affects teachers´ expectations and behaviour. Indeed, stereotype-based expectations of teachers determine their interactions with different students and in turn student outcomes. These expectations are also associated with different feelings, which in turn have an influence on how teachers (re)act in certain teaching situations. Stereotype based expectations can be triggered by just one salient attribute, whereby stereotype knowledge can reduce complexity and facilitates the effective processing of information. Stereotypes develop according to systematic principles, and people´s perception of others is mainly determined by the dimensions of warmth and competence. The mixed stereotype content model proposes that different warmth-competence combinations may trigger differential behavioural and affective responses (e.g. paternalistic emotions vs. resentment). The current study aimed to investigate to what extent teacher expectations of students´ warmth and competence and their emotions concerning inclusion of students with SEN varied as a function of specific SEN. Participants included 25 experienced in-service and 45 pre-service teachers (primary school). Participants were presented with two student descriptions: One student vignette described a student with learning difficulties and another a student with challenging behaviour. After reading each description, teachers were asked to complete scales to rate the student´s warmth and competence and teachers´ emotions were assessed using a semantic differential scale. Results of a 2×2×2 mixed method ANOVA showed significant main effects of stereotype dimension and teacher status but not SEN. Most interestingly however, there were significant two and three-way interaction effects indicating that in-service teachers´ ratings varied as a function of dimension and SEN whereas preservice teachers´ generally provided higher ratings for warmth than competence regardless of SEN. Results of a 2×2 mixed method ANOVA showed that teachers emotions varied as a function of student SEN but not teacher status. Teachers felt les secure, more anxious and less optimistic when considering including students with challenging behaviour than a student with learning difficulties. Results of our study support previous findings concerning the effect of student characteristics on teachers´ expectations and emotions. Given the relationship between teacher expectations and student performance and the associations between expectations, emotions and behaviour, these findings can contribute to understanding factors underlying educational inequalities.
References
Avramidis, E., Bayliss, P., & Burden, R. (2000). A survey into mainstream teachers´ attitudes towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the ordinary school in one Local Education Authority. Educational Psychology : An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 20, 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/713663717 Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631 Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS map. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 40, pp. 61–149). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0 Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 İnan-Kaya, G., & Rubie-Davies, C. M. (2022). Teacher classroom interactions and behaviours: Indications of bias. Learning and Instruction, 78(April 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101516
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